CHC2D Credits and Contributions

Unit 1

Big If True: Kids, Conspiracies, and Social Media, TVO, OECA, https://www.tvo.org/video/kids-conspiracies-and-social-media, Published 02/23/2025, Accessed 08/16/2025.

C.R.A.A.P. Checklist, California State University, Published 5/24/2024, Accessed 05/29/2024, Licenced under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

369th Infantry marching on Fifth Avenue, New York City. Returned [African American] troops of the 369th Infantry, the old 15th of New York City, marching in parade in their honor on Fifth Avenue, Carlin (Carlo Bergoglio), Project Gutenberg, https://www.gutenberg.org/files/20521/20521-h/20521-h.htm#The_Under-Study, Published 03/1915, Accessed 10/05/2021, Originally published in Numero no. 46 (November 8, 1914), Turin. Project Gutenburg e-book published: February 6, 2007.

Political cartoon: Entente Cordiale, Bernard Partridge, http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/battles/entente-cordiale-why-britain-went-to-war-in-1914/, Published 04/22/1914, Accessed 10/05/2021, Appeared in Punch.

Royal Visit, Henry Guttmann Collection / Stringer/Hulton Royals Collection/Getty Images

Chain of Friendship, Brooklyn Eagle Newspaper, http://www.johndclare.net/images/Alliances.GIF, Published 07/1914, Accessed 10/05/2021.

Battle Of Chippawa, canadianartcards.com, Jeff Mason, https://cdm16630.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16630coll2/id/1019/rec/2, Published 05/07/1814, Accessed 10/05/2021.

Canada: A People's History - Ordeal by Fire (Episode 12), CBC Television, CBC/Radio-Canada, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R1q0hH35MSc, Published 2000, Accessed 11/01/2022.

First World War 'Official Photographs': Moving big guns up to the front by hand (Acc.3155), Ernest Brooks, National Library of Scotland (NLS), https://digital.nls.uk/first-world-war-official-photographs/archive/74546544, Published ca. 1914-1918, Accessed 10/05/2021, Border of image has been cropped. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0): https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Infanterie française en action [tireurs embusqués derrière un fossé], Agence Rol. Agence photographique, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Bibliothèque nationale de France, https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b6931788r/, Published 1914, Accessed 16/12/2025, Rol, 42359.

Five members of an Australian trench mortar battery, British Official Photograph, Australian War Memorial, Australian War Memorial, https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/EZ0149/, Published 02/08/1916, Accessed 10/05/2021, Accession Number EZ0149.

Latest French anti-aircraft gun, Ariel Varges, Bain News Service, Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/ggb2006000416/, Published 11/29/1917, Accessed 10/05/2021, Source: Bain News Services photograph collection, Digital ID: ggbain 25002 //hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ggbain.25002.

The Battle of the Somme, July-November 1916, Lieutenant John Warwick Brooke, iwm.org.uk, Imperial War Museums, https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205193865, Published 07/1916, Accessed 10/05/2021, Photograph Q 3995, Collection no. 1900-13.

U.S. Hotchkiss Machine Gun, Creator unknown, Wikimedia Commons, United States Army Heritage and Education Center (USAHEC), https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:U.S._Hotchkiss_Machine_Gun.jpg, Published 10/05/1918, Accessed 10/05/2021.

Francis Pegahmagabow, Anishinaabe chief and activist and Canadian war hero, Creator unknown, Wikimedia Commons, Government of Canada, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Pegahmagabow#/media/File:Francis_Pegahmagabow_in_Uniform.jpg, Published 1919, Accessed 06/16/2021, In Adrian Hayes, Pegahmagabow: Legendary Warrior, Forgotten Hero (2003 ed.).

Members of the No. 2 Construction Battalion, www.veterans.gc.ca, Veteran Affairs Canada, https://www.veterans.gc.ca/images/blackhistory/battalion.jpg, Published 1917, Accessed 06/16/2021.

The Battle of the Somme, Canadian War Museum, https://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/history/battles-and-fighting/land-battles/the-somme/, Published 06/20/2008, Accessed 10/05/2021, Generously supported by the Salamander Foundation. This project was made possible in part through Canadian Culture Online of Canadian Heritage.

The Western Front, 1914-1918, Department of National Defence and the Canadian Armed Forces, Department of National Defence and the Canadian Armed Forces, www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/pub/boo-bro/abo-aut/images/cha-05/chap5-2-lg-eng.jpg, Accessed 10/05/2021, All rights reserved. Reproduced with the permission of DND/CAF (2017).

Disabled Tank, Canadian War Museum, https://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/photographs/battles-and-fighting-photographs/disabled-tank/, Accessed 10/05/2021, George Metcalf Archival Collection; CWM 19750085-010.

Caribou at Beaumont Hamel, Basil Gotto, Canadian War Museum, https://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/archival-documents/personal-documents/caribou-at-beaumont-hamel/, Published 1925, Accessed 10/05/2021, George Metcalf Archival Collection, CWM 19820340-010.

The Battle of Vimy Ridge, Canadian War Museum, https://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/history/battles-and-fighting/land-battles/vimy-ridge/, Published 06/20/2008, Accessed 10/05/2021, Generously supported by the Salamander Foundation. This project was made possible in part through Canadian Culture Online of Canadian Heritage.

29th Infantry Battalion advancing over "No Man's Land" through the German barbed wire and heavy fire, Canadian War Records Office, Canadian War Museum, https://www.warmuseum.ca/collections/archive/3179934, Published 04/1917, Accessed 10/05/2021, Canadian Official War Photograph O.1162.

Beyond Vimy, the Douai Plain, Creator unknown, Canadian War Museum, https://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/photographs/battles-and-fighting-photographs/beyond-vimy-the-douai-plain/, Accessed 10/05/2021, George Metcalf Archival Collection; CWM 19920085-244.

Canadian Cemetery at Vimy, Creator unknown, Canadian War Museum, http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/photographs/post-war-photographs/canadian-cemetery-at-vimy/, Accessed 10/05/2021, George Metcalf Archival Collection; CWM 19801226-298.

(Canadian Forestry Corps) Canadian Forestry Corps, Timber Yard, France, c. 1918, Canada. Dept. of National Defence, Library and Archives Canada, https://recherche-collection-search.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/Home/Record?app=fonandcol&IdNumber=3523256&q_type_1=q&q_1=PA-022984&ecopy=a022984, Published 1918, Accessed 08/27/2026, PA-022984.

Honour Before Glory, Anthony Sherwood Productions Inc, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M_l5CgV8OPg, Published 11/07/2001, Accessed 08/27/2026.

National War Memorial, Adrian Ace Williams / Stringer/Archive Photos/Getty Images

Excerpt, Wartime Home Front, J.L. Granatstein, revised by Julie Smyth, The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/wartime-home-front, Published 02/07/2006, Accessed 10/05/2021.

WW1 1918 ration card, Government of Canada, https://www.1900s.org.uk/1918-food-rationing.htm#toppage, Published 1918, Accessed 10/05/2021.

How to Live in Wartime, The National Service Board, University of Toronto, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, Government of Canada, ia600503.us.archive.org/12/items/howtoliveinwarti00cana/howtoliveinwarti00cana.pdf, Published 1917, Accessed 10/05/2021.

Eat More Vegetables (poster), Canada Food Board, Laurier Centre for Military Strategic and Disarmament Studies, Wilfred Laurier University, Government of Canada, http://canadianmilitaryhistory.ca/wednesday-podcast-surprising-health-findings-about-canadian-soldiers-during-wwi/, Published 1914-1918, Accessed 10/05/2021, Source: Laurier Centre for Military, Strategic and Disarmament Studies.

G-Bye Mary, the Patriotic Fund Will Care for You, Canadian Patriotic Fund, Archives of Ontario War Poster Collection, http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/explore/online/posters/big/big_38_war_poster.aspx, Published ca. 1914-1918, Accessed 10/05/2021, Reference Code: C 233-2-5-0-268.

Mr. Winston Churchill and Mr. Borden, Agence Rol, Bibliothèque nationale de France, https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b6920799z/, Published 1912, Accessed 10/05/2021, Département Estampes et photographie, EST EI-13 (182).

Henri J.N. Bourassa, B.J. Hebert, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3212953&lang=eng, Published 1912, Accessed 10/05/2021, C-004956.

Sir Wilfred Laurier speaking in favour of George Parent, L.P. Picard, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3193050&lang=eng, Published 09/20/1911, Accessed 10/05/2021, C-0090230.

Department of National War Services: Instructions, National War Services, Divisional Registrar, Administrative Division "E", Montreal, Quebec, Wartime Canada, Government of Canada, https://web.archive.org/web/20160317033625/https://wartimecanada.ca/document/world-war-ii/conscription/instructions-conscripts, Accessed 10/05/2021.

Past Voices, Letters Home: Clarence Joseph Bessette, 2nd Canadian Mounted Rifles, Clarence Joseph Bessette, The Vernon News, 20 January 1916, as in The Lumby Legion's Remembrance Scrapbook, The Vernon News, http://pastvoices.com/canada/bessette/, Published 01/20/1916, Accessed 10/05/2021, Source: Lumby Legion's Remembrance Scrapbook.

The Conscription Crisis, CBC Learning, CBC / Canada: A People's History, CBC/Radio-Canada, https://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP12CH2PA3LE.html, Published 2001, Accessed 10/05/2021.

Dedicating of head stones - Bramshott Church Cemetery - of the four 160th Battalion boys buried there, Creator unknown, Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd, https://brucemuseum.pastperfectonline.com/archive/37769797-CA59-4475-906D-570245034627, Published Fri Jul 06 1917 19:00:00 GMT-0500 (Eastern Daylight Time), Accessed 10/05/2021, Source: Bruce County Museum & Cultural Centre, A989.029.023. Photo appeared on the front page of the Toronto Star Weekly July 7, 1917.

Excerpt from Warlords : Borden, Mackenzie King, and Canada's World Wars, Tim Cook, Penguin Random House Canada, Penguin Random House Canada, Published 2012, Accessed 17/12/2025.

The Big Six Historical Thinking Concept, Dr. Peter Seixas, Tom Morton, Nelson Education, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Emily Murphy & Friends, Creator unknown, City of Edmonton Archives, https://cityarchives.edmonton.ca/emily-murphy-friends-2, Published 1918, Accessed 10/05/2021, EA-10-2070, Collection: Northern Alberta Pioneers and Old Timers' Association.

Two Canadian nurses pose in service dress uniforms, Creator unknown, Canadian War Museum, https://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/photographs/life-at-the-front-photographs/canadian-nurses/?back=434, Published 1917, Accessed 10/05/2021, George Metcalf Archival Collection/CWM 19920085-353.

Facing adapter to length, No. 101 British Percussion Fuze, Russell Motor Car Co. Ltd, Dept. of National Defence, Government of Canada, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3193554&lang=eng, Published 1917, Accessed 10/05/2021, PA-024640.

Nursing Sisters at a Canadian Hospital voting in the Canadian federal election, William Rider-Rider/Dept. of National Defence, Government of Canada, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3194224&lang=eng, Published 1917, Accessed 10/05/2021, PA-002279.

These women are doing their bit: learn to make munitions, Septimus E. Scott, Johnson, Riddle and Co. Ltd, Penge, London SE1 (printer), Ministry of Munitions (publisher), Imperial War Museum, https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/24057, Published 1916, Accessed 10/05/2021, Art.IWM PST 3283.

A Mock Parliament to Win the Vote for Women, The Canadian Encyclopedia, Government of Canada, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/mock-parliament-1914, Published 1914, Accessed 10/05/2021.

Economy Recipes for Canada's "Housoldiers" (cover), Canada Starch Company Limited, https://wartimecanada.ca/document/second-world-war/recipes/fighting-war-feeding-family, Published 1943, Accessed 10/05/2021, Source: Wartime Canada.

Peace Signing (Treaty of Versailles), Henry Guttmann Collection / Stringer/Hulton/Getty Images

Treaty of Versailles 1919 (including Covenant of the League of Nations), Council of Four, Museum of Australian Democracy, National Archives of Australia, Commonwealth of Australia, Treaties Secretariat, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/scan-sid-5.html, Published Mon Oct 04 2021 20:00:00 GMT-0400 (Eastern Daylight Time), Accessed 12/05/2021.

Treaty of Versailles 1919 (including Covenant of the League of Nations), 32 signatories to The Treaty of Peace between the Allied Powers and Germany, Museum of Australian Democracy, National Archives of Australia, Commonwealth of Australia, Treaties Secretariat, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/scan-sid-6.html, Published Mon Oct 04 2021 20:00:00 GMT-0400 (Eastern Daylight Time), Accessed 12/05/2021.

Return of the 10th Battalion, Calgary, Alberta, A. and D. Grant, Glenbow Archives, https://digitalcollections.ucalgary.ca/asset-management/2R3BF1OJB8F6?WS=PackagePres, Published 04/23/1919, Accessed 10/05/2021, NA-4019-3.

Crowd gathered outside the Union Bank of Canada building on Main Street during the Winnipeg General Strike, Creator unknown, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3192170&lang=eng, Published 06/21/1919, Accessed 10/05/2021, PA-163001.

Winnipeg General strike. Mounties first charge, David Millar Collection, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3531265&lang=eng, Published 06/21/1919, Accessed 10/05/2021, PA-176556.

The Winnipeg General Strike from the Canadian Human Rights Commission, Travis Tomchuk, Canadian Museum for Human Rights, https://humanrights.ca/story/the-winnipeg-general-strike, Published 05/15/2019, Accessed 10/25/2022.

The Winnipeg General Strike from the CBC, CBC Learning, CBC / Canada: A People's History, CBC/Radio-Canada, https://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP12CH3PA2LE.html, Published 2001, Accessed 10/05/2021, Source: Canada: A People's History.

Three immigrants of various ethnic backgrounds who settled in Canada in the early 20th century, John Woodruff, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3629700&lang=eng, Published 1908, Accessed 10/05/2021, C-009798.

Excerpt, Honouring the Truth, Reconciling for the Future: Summary of the Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation, https://ehprnh2mwo3.exactdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Executive_Summary_English_Web.pdf, Published 2015, Accessed 06/15/2021.

British immigrant children from Dr. Barnardo's Homes at landing stage, Saint John, N.B, Isaac Erb, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3193366&lang=eng, Published ca. 1920, Accessed 10/05/2021, PA-041785.

The Immigration Story of Percy Brown (English Home Child), Rev. Percy Brown, Canadiam Museum of Immigration at Pier 21, Canadiam Museum of Immigration at Pier 21, https://5104.sydneyplus.com/final/portal.aspx?lang=en-US, Accessed 10/05/2021, © Rev. Percy Brown and Pier 21 - Canada's Immigration Museum. Accession number S2012.277.1.

Excerpt, Creating Canada, Jill Colyer, Accessed 10/05/2021, Excerpt from Colyer, Jill et al. Creating Canada. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 2010, p.184.

Excerpt, Canadians not interested in 'home children' apology: Minister, Toronto Star, Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd, https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2009/11/16/canadians_not_interested_in_home_children_apology_minister.html, Published 11/16/2009, Accessed 10/05/2021.

Excerpt, Chinese Immigration Act, 1923, https://www.pier21.ca/home, Government of Canada, https://pier21.ca/research/immigration-history/chinese-immigration-act-1923, Published 1923, Accessed 10/05/2021, Source: Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21. From Statutes of Canada. An Act Respecting Chinese Immigration, 1923. Ottawa: SC 13-14 George V, Chapter 38.

Chinese workers cleaning fish, William James Topley, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3371219&lang=eng, Published ca.1920, Accessed 10/05/2021, PA-011605.

British boys learn how to own your farm in Canada (poster), Canadian Pacific Archives, https://exploresaskag.ca/past/immigration/english/, Accessed 10/05/2021.

G.W.V.A. (Great War Veterans Association) parade at City Hall (back door). Mayor Gray under "Down with Bolshevism", L.B. Foote, David Millar collection, http://lostfootephotos.blogspot.ca/2012_01_01_archive.html, Archives of Manitoba, http://pam.minisisinc.com/scripts/mwimain.dll/144/LISTINGS_IMAGES/LISTINGS_DET_IMAGES/SISN%201302864?sessionsearch, Published 1919, Accessed 10/05/2021, Winnipeg General Strike photographs, PR19-001121, P8232/5.

How Direct Taxation Works cartoon, http://www.canadahistoryproject.ca/1914/1914-06-centralizing-effects-wwi.html, Creator unknown, https://www.canadahistoryproject.ca/images/images-1914/central-2.png, Accessed 10/05/2021, Source: Canada: A Country by Consent CD-ROM project, © West/Dunn Productions.

Children listening to radio, Calgary, Alberta, Creator unknown, glenbow.org, Glenbow Archives, https://digitalcollections.ucalgary.ca/asset-management/2R3BF1OSWULF?WS=PackagePres, Published ca.1920s, Accessed 10/05/2021, CU1114307.

Bombardier's first snow machine in Valcourt, Quebec, Creator unknown, https://museebombardier.com/en/joseph-armand-bombardier/, Published 1922, Accessed 10/05/2021, © 2017, Museum of Ingenuity J. Armand Bombardier. All rights reserved.

Wallace Turnbull posing with his variable pitch propeller, a major advance in aviation, Creator unknown, National Research Council, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/wallace-rupert-turnbull, Published Spring 1927, Accessed 10/05/2021.

Dr. Frederick Banting and Dr. Charles Best, discovers of insulin, Creator unknown, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3382743&lang=eng, Published ca. 1920-1935, Accessed 10/05/2021, C-001350. Published in "The Star Weekly Magazine", Toronto, February 9, 1963, p. 8.

Excerpt, Status of Women, Doris Anderson, The Canadian Encyclopedia, The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/status-of-women, Published 02/04/2014, Accessed 10/05/2021.

Flappers: Fashion, Costume, and Culture: Clothing, Headwear, Body Decorations, and Footwear through the Ages, Creator unknown, Encyclopedia.com, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/united-states-and-canada/us-history/flappers#3427500245, Accessed 10/05/2021, © 2004 The Gale Group, Inc.

The Perfect Flapper, John McCormick Productions / First National Pictures, New York, Exhibitor's trade review, inc, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Perfect_Flapper_(1924)_-_5.jpg, Published 05/24/1924, Accessed 01/22/2026, Library of Congress, MBRS, Moving Image Section.

The Person's Case (1929), Global Perspectives on Personhood, University of Calgary, https://web.archive.org/web/20160316061956/people.ucalgary.ca/~gpopconf/person.html, Published 1929, Accessed 10/05/2021, Source: Global Perspectives on Personhood: Rights and Responsibilities Conference.

Unveiling of a plaque commemorating the five Alberta women whose efforts resulted in the Persons Case, which established the rights of women to hold public office in Canada, Eugene M. Finn, National Film Board of Canada. Photothèque. Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3193154&lang=eng, Published 11/06/1938, Accessed 10/05/2021, C-054523.

Tree of intemperance, by A.D. Fillmore; Archibald Macbrairs (lithographer), Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2003689279/, Published ca.1855, Accessed 10/05/2021, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-14614.

Excerpt, Canadian Sources Investigated, Freeman-Shaw, Elizabeth and Jan Haskings-Winner, Emond Montgomery Publications, https://archive.org/details/canadiansourcesi0000free, Published 2008, Accessed 01/16/2026, p.27.

Mary Pickford-Ziegfeld, Alfred Cheney Johnston, Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2003666664/, Published 1920, Accessed 10/05/2021, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-72808.

Josephine Baker dancing the Charleston at the Folies-Bergère, Paris, Wikimedia Commons, Stanisław Julian Ignacy Ostroróg, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Baker_Charleston.jpg, Published 1926, Accessed 09/12/2022.

Jubilee Celebrations on Parliament Hill, Creator unknown, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3549627&lang=eng, Published 07/1927, Accessed 10/05/2021, PA-027625.

Guy Lombardo and his band the Royal Canadians, Henry Fox, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3570485&lang=eng, Published 19/051964, Accessed 10/05/2021, e005176089.

"Effective and Becoming", T. Eaton Co, Archives of Ontario, https://course.ilc.tvo.org/content/enforced/23228326-CHC2D-EN-02-03-ON-(I-D-0323)/course_content/assets/img/chc2d_01.04.09e.jpg?ou=23228326, Accessed 10/05/2021, Series F-229, T. Eaton Co. fonds. (Eaton's Toronto Fall/Winter Catalogue, 1923-24, p. 101, style no. 98-6656).

Ford Model T moving assembly line, Ford Media Center, ford.com, The Ford Motor Company, https://course.ilc.tvo.org/content/enforced/23228326-CHC2D-EN-02-03-ON-(I-D-0323)/course_content/assets/img/chc2d_01.04.35.jpg?ou=23228326, Published ca. 1924, Accessed 09/12/2022.

Lawren S. Harris, Billboard (Jazz), 1921, oil on carvas, 107.2 x 127.5 cm. URL: https://www.gallery.ca/magazine/your-collection/your-collection-at-the-ngc-lawren-s-harris/ National Gallery of Canada. Gift of Imperial Oil Limited, Calgary, 2016. © Family of Lawren S. Harris.

Chicago Notes-Bibliography Documentation Style Guide, Writing Center, MacEwan Univerisity Library, https://library.macewan.ca/sites/default/files/pdfs/chicago-notes-bibliography.pdf, Published 09/30/2024, Accessed 12/03/2025, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

Unit 2

Unemployed men queued outside a depression soup kitchen opened in Chicago by Al Capone, 02-1931, National Archives at College Park, U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Unemployed_men_queued_outside_a_depression_soup_kitchen_opened_in_Chicago_by_Al_Capone,_02-1931_-_NARA_-_541927.jpg, Published Sat Jan 31 1931 19:00:00 GMT-0500 (Eastern Standard Time), Accessed 01/12/2026.

Teaching about Historical Thinking, Dimensions of Causation: Immediate vs Underlying Causes, Mike Denos and Roland Case, Critical Thinking Consortium, Published 01/01/2006, Accessed 01/12/2026.

Causes of the Great Depression, historybenchmarks.ca, Yvette Plante and Jorda Miller, ed. Jerry Falk, http://web.archive.org/web/20171228002240/http://archive.historybenchmarks.ca/lesson/433, Accessed 10/05/2021, Source: Social Studies Eleven: Student Workbook. 1st ed. Surrey, BC: Hazelmere Publishing, 2004.

Boiestown lumber mills, Isaac Erb, Provincial Archives of New Brunswick / Archives Provinciales du Nouveau-Brunswick, https://archives.gnb.ca/Exhibits/HistoricalImages/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&ImageID=P11-26, Published ca. 1900, Accessed 10/05/2021, Reference number: P11-26.

Unemployed men line up outside a soup kitchen in Toronto, thestar.com, Toronto Star file photo, https://www.thestar.com/news/insight/2014/03/28/trolling_the_web_for_job_data_conservativestyle.html, Accessed 10/05/2021.

A drought stricken farm in the Canadian Prairies in the 1930's, Creator unknown, Saskatchewan Archives Board (Saskatchewan Wheat Pool Collection), Saskatchewan Archives Board, http://scaa.usask.ca/gallery/kids/depopulation/en_display.php?i=32, Published 1929, Accessed 10/05/2021, Source: Saskatchewan Wheat Pool Collection.

Canada: A People's History - Hard Times (Episode 13), CBC Television, YouTube, CBC/Radio-Canada, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hQJv9udGCsc&t=1s, Published 2001, Accessed 10/24/2022.

A Yukon prospector shovelling dirt by the Yukon River in July 1938, Creator unknown, hougengroup.com, Yukon Archives, web.archive.org/web/20190802165837/http://hougengroup.com/yukon-history/historical-facts/year/1933/, Published 1938, Accessed 10/05/2021, Adam & Larkin fonds, #8050.

The Great Depression – Making Do, Western Development Museum (WDM), https://wdm.ca/2021/12/13/greatdepression/, Accessed 12/03/2025.

(Relief Projects - No. 28). Group of unemployed arriving at RCAF Station Trenton, Dept. of National Defence, Government of Canada, bac-lac.gc.ca, Library and Archives Canada, https://recherche-collection-search.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/home/record?idnumber=3577875&app=fonandcol&resource=folderlist&ecopy=a035211, Published Nov. 1932, Accessed 10/05/2021, PA-035211.

Rt. Hon. Richard Bennett - Prime Minister of Canada (1930-1935), Creator unknown, bac-lac.gc.ca, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3191866&lang=eng, Published ca.1930 - 1935, Accessed 10/05/2021, C-000687.

The "Hungry Thirties" Relief Camps, On to Ottawa Historical Society, Ben Swankey, https://www.workingtv.com/oto/hungry/camps.html, Published 1998, Accessed 12/03/2025.

(Relief Projects - No. 8). Temporary housing conditions, Dept. of National Defence, Government of Canada, bac-lac.gc.ca, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3642965&lang=eng, Published 05/1933, Accessed 10/05/2021, PA-034666.

The "Hungry Thirties" Relief Camps, On to Ottawa Historical Society, Ben Swankey, https://www.workingtv.com/oto/hungry/camps.html, Published 1998, Accessed 12/03/2025.

Recollections of the on to Ottawa Trek (V. Hoar, Ed.), Ronald Liversedge Edited by Victor Hoar, Carleton Library Series, McGill-Queen's University Press, http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qf27n, Published 1973, Accessed 12/03/2025.

Report of the Regina Riot Inquiry Commission, Provincial Archives of Saskatchewan, Accessed 12/03/2025.

Canadian Scrapbook: The Depression Years: Canada in the 1930s, Paul Mennill, Prentice-Hall of Canada, Ltd, Published 1978, Accessed 12/03/2025.

Ten Lost Years, 1929-1939: Memories of the Canadians Who Survived the Depression, Barry Broadfoot, McClelland & Stewart, Published Wed Apr 23 1997 20:00:00 GMT-0400 (Eastern Daylight Time), Accessed 12/03/2025.

Recollections of the On To Ottawa Trek, Ronald Liversedge, Carleton Library Series, McClelland and Stewart, Published 1973, Accessed 12/03/2025.

Canadian Scrapbook: The Depression Years: Canada in the 1930s, Paul Mennill, Prentice-Hall of Canada, Ltd, Published 1978, Accessed 12/03/2025.

Man injured in post office sit down strike, Province Newspaper, vpl.ca, Vancouver Public Library, https://dominionpublicbuilding.ca/the-depression-years-in-canada.html, Published 1938, Accessed 10/05/2021, VPL Accession No. 1289.

Prime minister R. B. Bennett, talking to someone unseen, Unknown, thestar.com, Toronto Star Archives, www.thestar.com/news/canada/2009/03/15/letters_of_desperation_to_a_prime_minister.html, Published 15/03/2009, Accessed 11/05/2021, © Copyright Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd. 1996-2015.

Letters from Canadians to the Prime Minister About the Depression, Great Unsolved Mysteries in Canadian History, Canadian Heritage and University of Victoria, http://www.canadianmysteries.ca/sites/norman/background/1930s/5394en.html, Published 1935, Accessed 11/05/2021.

The Wretched of Canada: Letters to R. B. Bennett, Arsene Gaudet, Canadian Museum of History, Accessed 01/26/2026, in L. M. Grayson, M. Bliss, The Wretched of Canada: Letters to R. B. Bennett, 1930–1935 Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1971, pp. 37-38, 74.

Letters of desperation to a prime minister, Joanna Smith, Toronto Star, Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd, https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2009/03/15/letters_of_desperation_to_a_prime_minister.html, Published 03/15/2009, Accessed 11/05/2021.

Rt. Hon. W.L. Mackenzie King speaking during the federal election campaign, F.J. Skitch, Library and Archives Canada, www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/CollectionSearch/Pages/record.aspx?app=fonandcol&IdNumber=3199793&new=-8585808668663602205, Published 07/1926, Accessed 11/05/2021.

Rt. Hon. Richard Bennett - Prime Minister of Canada, Unknown, Library and Archives Canada, www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/CollectionSearch/Pages/record.aspx?app=fonandcol&IdNumber=3191866&new=-8585808667468555496, Published ca.1930 - 1935, Accessed 11/05/2021.

Excerpt from William Lyon Mackenzie King, H. Blair Neatby, The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/william-lyon-mackenzie-king, Published 10/15/2008, Accessed 01/19/2026, Courtesy of The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada <www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca>.

Excerpt from R.B. Bennett, John Boyko, John R. English, The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/richard-bedford-viscount-bennett, Published 02/21/2008, Accessed 11/05/2021, Courtesy of The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada <www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca>.

Rt. Hon. W.L. Mackenzie King driving a wagon, Unknown, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3217612&lang=eng, Published 27/07/1933, Accessed 11/05/2021.

William Aberhart addressing a rally in St. George's Island park, Inconnu, Library and Archives Canada, https://recherche-collection-search.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/Home/Record?app=fonandcol&IdNumber=3191869&q_type_1=q&q_1=C-009339&ecopy=c009339, Published July 1937, Accessed 07/31/2026, C-009339.

Tommy Douglas, C.M. Fines and Clarence Gillis following the 1944 CCF victory in Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan Archives Board, https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/co-operative-commonwealth-federation, Published June 1944, Accessed 07/31/2026.

Union Nationale, Union Nationale, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_Union_nationale.svg, Accessed 01/26/2026.

Communist Party of Canada, Vancouver Public Library, https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/communist-party-of-canada, Published 1930s, Accessed 07/31/2026.

Ilkka Machine Gun Company of the Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion, Unknown, American Finnish Publishers & Työmies Society, 1953, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ilkka_Company.jpg, Published between 1937 -1938, Accessed 11/20/2025.

Unemployment in England, O. Ang, George Pahl, Bundesarchiv, bundesbildarchiv.init-ag.de/device_barch/dev1/2019/10-16/dc/8d/file77k4h8ydund1j6dob3gt.jpg, Published 05/1926, Accessed 11/05/2021, Bild 102-10246 (England, Arbeitslose vor Gewerkschaftshaus).

Socialist Congress: speech by Leon Blum (Congrès socialiste : discours de Léon Blum), l'Agence Mondial Photo-Presse, Bibliothèque nationale de France, https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b9051861f, Published 1932, Accessed 11/05/2021, Département Estampes et photographie, EI-13 (2946).

Red Trains, Central State Audiovisual Archives of Ukraine, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HolodomorVyizdValky.jpg, Published 1932, Accessed 01/26/2026.

Lenin and Stalin in Gorky, Wikimedia Commons, Maria Ulyanova, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:19220900-lenin_stalin_gorky-02.jpg, Published 1922, Accessed 11/05/2021.

Mussolini during an event at the Piazza della Vittoria in Genua at the event of the construction of the battleship 'Impero', ullstein bild Dtl, https://www.nuevatribuna.es/articulo/historia/represion-fascista-italiana/20160313185641126367.html, Published 05/14/1938, Accessed 12/20/2022.

Generalissimo Francisco Franco reviewing his Falangist troops after taking Madrid in 1939, Creator unknown, vojnapovijest.vecernji.hr, VP magazin, https://vojnapovijest.vecernji.hr/vojna-povijest/diktator-francisco-franco-ulazi-u-madrid-978799, Published 1939, Accessed 11/05/2021.

Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler stand together on an reviewing stand during a official visit to occupied Yugoslavia, Muzej Revolucije Narodnosti Jugoslavije, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - ushmm.org, https://www.ushmm.org/lcmedia/viewer/wlc/photo.php?RefId=89908, Published 1937, Accessed 11/05/2021, USHMM Photograph #89908.

Political Spectrum Explained | What is the Political Spectrum? | Left Vs Right, Dan Zimmerman, Illustrate to Educate, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0DLjzp645is, Published 09/21/2020, Accessed 10/24/2022.

The Riot, 2023 Ontario Jewish Archives, https://www.christiepitsriot.org/nazism/, Accessed 01/26/2026.

Stop-work flyer, Morris Lofsky scrapbook collection, Ontario Jewish Archives, https://www.christiepitsriot.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/1988-4-8_01-scaled.jpg, Published 07/11/1933, Accessed 01/26/2026.

Christie Pits Riot, City of Toronto Archives, https://www.christiepitsriot.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/f1266_it30791.jpg, Published 08/16/1933, Accessed 01/26/2026.

Christie Pitts Toronto Star article, The Toronto Daily Star, https://www.christiepitsriot.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Star_Aug.-17_pg2.jpg, Published 08/17/1933, Accessed 01/26/2026.

Hour-A-Day Study Club members, McCurdy Collection, Archives of Ontario, http://www.windsor-communities.com/african-gallery-detail.php?id=86, Published 03/25/1957, Accessed 08/28/2026, Windsor Star.

Coloured Women’s Club of Montréal, Concordia University, https://www.historymuseum.ca/teachers-zone/black-women-changemakers-of-the-19th-and-20th-centuries/creating-a-positive-black-identity/coloured-womens-club-of-montreal/, Published 1902, Accessed 08/28/2026, Some Missing Pages: The Black Community in the History of Quebec and Canada, unit 6.

Ladies Auxiliary of the African United Baptist Association, Colchester Historeum Archives, https://novamuse.ca/Detail/objects/560194, Published Aug 1930, Accessed 08/28/2026, Ref #88.400.1.

Share the Story, Ukrainian Canadian Congress, http://sharethestory.ca/, Accessed 01/26/2026.

Holodomor memorial, Carim James, Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ukrainian_Holodomor_memorial,_Toronto.jpg, Published 05/15/2022, Accessed 01/26/2026, Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication.

Excerpt, The Big Six Historical Thinking Concepts, Dr. Peter Seixas, Tom Morton, Nelson Education, Accessed 12/05/2021.

German motor column crossing the Polish border in September 1939, RIA Novosti, https://www.historyonthenet.com/world-war-two-causes, Published 01/09/1939, Accessed 11/05/2021.

Council of Four, 1919, Edward N. Jackson, U.S. Signal Corps, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Big_four-1919-cropped.jpg, Published 05/27/1919, Accessed 12/12/2025.

Neville Chamberlain, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa11985, Published 1937-1940, Accessed 09/01/2026, Source Record ID: 306-NT-30A-1.

The Munich Agreement, Ministry of Information Second World War Official Collection, Imperial War Museums, https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205193839, Published 09/30/1938, Accessed 12/12/2025.

Convoy in Bedford Basin, Dept. of National Defense, Government of Canada, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3194308&lang=eng, Published 01/04/1942, Accessed 11/05/2021, PA-112993.

Dieppe Raid, 19 August 1942, Canadian War Museum, https://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/newspapers/operations/dieppe_e.html, Accessed 11/05/2021.

History's Raiders: The Dieppe Raid 1942 (2001) Part Two, Youtube, Produced by Nugus/Martin Productions Ltd. for The History Channel, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3d7HMlKFNw&list=PL4547409695000836&index=3, Accessed 11/05/2021, © MMI Nugus/Martin Production Ltd.

Excerpt, History's Raiders: The Dieppe Raid 1942 (2001) Part Three, Youtube, Produced by Nugus/Martin Productions Ltd. for The History Channel, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pEmN8GC-0EE&list=PL4547409695000836&index=4, Published 2001, Accessed 11/05/2021, © Nugus/Martin Productions Ltd.

Dieppe One Year After, New York Times Archives, https://www.nytimes.com/1943/08/19/archives/dieppe-one-year-after.html, Published 08/19/1943, Accessed 12/16/2025.

Breaking German codes real reason for 1942 Dieppe raid: historian, Global News, Irene Ogrodnik, https://globalnews.ca/news/274605/breaking-german-codes-real-reason-for-1942-dieppe-raid-historian/, Published 09/08/2012, Accessed 12/05/2021, ©2021 Global News, a division of Corus Entertainment Inc.

Members of the Royal Canadian Medical Corps evacuating Allied soldiers from the beach after the Dieppe, France raid during the Second World War, Global News, The Associated Press, https://globalnews.ca/news/274605/breaking-german-codes-real-reason-for-1942-dieppe-raid-historian/, Published 1942, Accessed 12/05/2021, Source: Breaking German codes real reason for 1942 Dieppe raid: historian, Global News, 09/08/2012.

Visual Graphic: Operation Jubilee, Global News, Michael Bergeron, Shaw Media, https://globalnews.ca/news/274605/breaking-german-codes-real-reason-for-1942-dieppe-raid-historian/, Published 09/08/2012, Accessed 12/05/2021, ©2021 Global News, a division of Corus Entertainment Inc.

Officers on the bridge, Harold William John Tomlin, Second World War Admiralty Official: A Series, Imperial War Museums, https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205185464, Published October 1941, Accessed 12/16/2025, A 5667.

Historical Significance, The Historical Thinking Project, Centre for the Study of Historical Consciousness, http://historicalthinking.ca/historical-significance, Accessed 12/16/2025, © Copyright The University of British Columbia.

The Royal Canadian Navy and the Battle of the Atlantic, 1939-1945, Dr. Roger Sarty, Canadian War Museum, https://www.warmuseum.ca/learn/dispatches/the-royal-canadian-navy-and-the-battle-of-the-atlantic-1939-1945/#tabs, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Three Canadian soldiers with helmets stand in a trench in the Battle of Hong Kong, Creator unknown, Canadian War Museum, Imperial War Museum, https://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/chrono/1931hong_kong_e.html, Published 1941, Accessed 12/05/2021, LF193.

1st Canadian Division in action, Frederick G. Whitcombe, Dept. of National Defence, Government of Canada, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3199446&lang=eng, Published 10/12/1943, Accessed 12/05/2021, PA-136332.

View looking east along 'Nan White' Beach, showing personnel of the 9th Canadian Infantry Brigade landing from LCI(L) 299 of the 2nd Canadian (262nd RN) Flotilla on D-Day, Gilbert Alexander Milne, Dept. of National Defence, Government of Canada, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3191671&lang=eng, Published 06/06/1944, Accessed 12/05/2021, PA-137013.

Dutch civilians on a WASP of 7th Reconnaissance Regiment (17th Duke of York's Royal Canadian Hussars), 3rd Canadian Infantry Division, celebrating the liberation of Zwolle, Netherlands, Donald I. Grant, Dept. of National Defence, Government of Canada, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3191645&lang=eng, Published 04/13/1945, Accessed 12/05/2021, PA-136176.

Canadian soldiers Louey King and Norman Low preparing for Operation Oblivion, Chinese Canadian Military Museum, https://course.ilc.tvo.org/content/enforced/23228326-CHC2D-EN-02-03-ON-(I-D-0323)/course_content/assets/img/chc2d_02.04.01e.jpg, Published ca. 1945, Accessed 06/15/2021.

Canadian Welsford Daniels, checking radio transmissions in England, W. Daniels, Memory Project, Historica Canada, https://course.ilc.tvo.org/content/enforced/23228326-CHC2D-EN-02-03-ON-(I-D-0323)/course_content/assets/img/chc2d_02.04.01f.jpg, Published ca. 1945, Accessed 06/15/2021.

Savage Christmas: Hong Kong, 1941, Director: Brian McKenna, National Film Board of Canada, https://www.nfb.ca/film/savage_christmas_hong_kong_1941/, Published 1991, Accessed 12/05/2021.

The Campaign in Sicily 1943, Frank Royal, Dept. of National Defence/Library and Archives Canada, https://www.sfu.ca/tracesofthepast/wwii_html/it.htm, Published 07/10/1943, Accessed 09/10/2026, PA-166751.

Soldiers of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Brigade run into snipers and machine gun fire, Alexander Mackenzie Stirton, Dept. National Defence, Government of Canada, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3228293&lang=eng, Published 1943, Accessed 12/05/2021, PA-129774.

The Ballad of the D-Day Dodgers, Lance-Sergeant Harry Pynn, https://tankmuseum.ca/blog-post/d-day-dodgers/, Published 11/1944, Accessed 12/05/2021, Recorded by Hamish Imlach on Sonny's Dream [Vinyl]. Glasgow Scotland, Lismor Recordings (1995).

Canadian Forces in Italy 1944: Sgt Walter Lowe of the West Nova Scotia Regiment is shaved by an Italian youth, W.E. McConville (Sgt), No 2 Army Film & Photographic Unit, Imperial War Museum, https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205204494, Published 01/1944, Accessed 12/05/2021, NA 11253.

Comparative chart: D-Day and the Battle of Dieppe - Source for sequence of events: Santor, Donald. Canadiana Scrapbook Series: Canadians at War: 1939–1945. Scarborough: Prentice-Hall, 1979, p. 37.

Witness to D-Day, Matthew Halton, CBC/Radio-Canada, https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/audio/1.3626396, Published 06/08/1944, Accessed 12/05/2021, Source: CBC Archives.

Canada and the Normandy Invasion, 6 June 1944 (cartographic video), warmuseum.ca, Canadian War Museum, https://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/newspapers/operations/p_ddaymap_e.html, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Infantrymen of The West Nova Scotia Regiment in a Universal Carrier en route to Rotterdam are surrounded by Dutch civilians celebrating the liberation of the Netherlands, Lieut. G. Barry Gilroy, Dept. of National Defence, Government of Canada, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3203845&lang=eng, Published 09/05/1945, Accessed 12/05/2021, PA-134390.

The Liberation of the Netherlands, 1944-1945, Canadian War Museum, https://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/newspapers/operations/netherlands_e.html, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Sherman tank on a festive street with crowds, warmuseum.ca, Canadian War Museum, https://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/newspapers/operations/netherlands_e.html, Published 1945, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Pile of the victims glasses at Auschwitz, Creator unknown, Bundesarchiv, https://bundesbildarchiv.init-ag.de/device_barch/dev1/2019/10-16/cc/3c/file77k5h9nzp2g6f1v23fa.jpg, Published 1945, Accessed 12/05/2021, Bild 183-R69919.

Piles of prayer shawls that belonged to Jewish victims, found after the liberation of the Auschwitz camp. Poland, after January 1945, Creator unknown, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/photo/prayer-shawls-that-belonged-to-victims-at-auschwitz, Published 1945, Accessed 12/05/2021, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD.

Canada: A People's History - The Crucible (Episode 14), CBC Television, CBC/Radio-Canada, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y2dXdTTQT04&t=6s, Published 2000, Accessed 11/01/2022.

Confronting our dark past, Irving Abella, The Globe and Mail Inc, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/confronting-our-dark-past/article562626/, Published 01/18/2011, Accessed 12/05/2021.

W.L. Mackenzie King, Diary Entry of of Mackenzie King on the Evian Conference from P. Draper and H. Troper (eds), Archives of the Holocaust, Vol. 15, p. 1. NY and London: Garland Publishing Inc, 1990. URL: www.museevirtuel-virtualmuseum.ca/sgc-cms/expositions-exhibitions/orphelins-orphans/english/themes/pdf/the_immigration.pdf.

Excerpt, MP Arthur Heaps Address, House of Commons Debates, 18th Parliament, 4th Session : Vol. 1, Arthur Heaps, Library of Parliament, https://parl.canadiana.ca/view/oop.debates_HOC1804_01/435, Published 01/30/1939, Accessed 12/05/2021, pp. 431-438.

A close up from a group photo of 404 Squadron pilots showing World War II pilot Allan Bundy, 404 Squadron Archives, https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fr/article/allan-bundy, Published 1945, Accessed 08/31/2026, Air Force Museum of Alberta Archives.

The Five Carty brothers who served in the Royal Canadian Air Force, The Evening Times-Globe, New Brunswick Publishing Co. Ltd, https://scholars.wlu.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1645&context=cmh, Published 05/19/1945, Accessed 08/31/2026.

Alex Colville (1920-2013). Bodies in a grave, Belsen. Oil on canvas 76.3 x 101.6 cm. Painted in 1946. © Canadian War Museum/Beaverbrook Collection of War Art/CWM 19710261-2033.

Navigators In Training - 1941 -- A trio of Commonwealth Airman, Library and Archives Canada / Department of National Defence, https://recherche-collection-search.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/home/record?IdNumber=5722206&app=fonandcol&ecopy=e011309698, Published 06/04/1941, Accessed 09/10/2026.

Camp X, Unknown, Lynn Hodgson, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Camp_X_Ontario_1943.jpg, Published 1943, Accessed 11/14/2025.

Victory Garden, John Boyd, City of Toronto Archives, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Victory_Gardens,_A.J._Denne,_15_Pine_Crescent_(30116253760).jpg, Published 06/05/1943, Accessed 01/26/2026.

Female loggers ('lumberjills') walking on a narrow path to work, Richard Wright. National Film Board of Canada. Photothèque, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3193655&lang=eng, Published 04/1943, Accessed 12/05/2021, PA-116147.

Women workers clean a fast freight locomotive with rags in the roundhouse, Nicholas Morant/National Film Board of Canada. Photothèque, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3194191&lang=eng, Published 01/1943, Accessed 12/05/2021, C-079524.

CWAC drivers on vehicle maintenance - Pte Lowry does a tightening up on the front spring clip of her vehicle, Lieut. J. Gloster/Dept. of National Defence, Government of Canada, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3259919&lang=eng, Published 07/07/1944, Accessed 12/05/2021, PA-177084.

Poster: Dig In and Dig Out the Scrap, National Salvage Committee/Dept. of Public Information, Government of Canada, Canadian War Museum, https://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/newspapers/canadawar/p_salvage_e.html, Published 1940, Accessed 12/05/2021, Library and Archives Canada, Acc. No. 1983-30-62.

WREN W/T operators at CSR5 Marconi receivers at HMCS Coverdale, Dept. of National Defence, Government of Canada, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3576149&lang=eng, Published n.d, Accessed 12/05/2021, PA-204141.

Vernon High School cadets, Creator unknown, Greater Vernon Museum and Archives, http://web.archive.org/web/20120302230328/vernonmuseum.ca/ex_cadets.html, Published 1943-1944, Accessed 12/05/2021, Photo No. 17792.

Hudson at North Bay, National Film Board of Canada, Library and Archives Canada, https://recherche-collection-search.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/home/record?IdNumber=3607739&app=fonandcol&ecopy=e002505432-v6, Accessed 10/02/2026, e002505432.

Veronica Foster, an employee of John Inglis Co. Ltd. and known as "The Bren Gun Girl" posing with a finished Bren gun in the John Inglis Co. Ltd. Bren gun plant, National Film Board of Canada. Photothèque, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3193621&lang=eng, Published 10/05/1941, Accessed 12/05/2021, PA-119766.

A Royal Canadian Mounted Police Officer stands in front of a sign marked "Canada" while to his left a State Trooper stands in front of a sign marked "United States" before the official ceremony commemorating the joining of the pipeline of an oil tanker terminal, Portland, Maine, with refineries in Montreal, Quebec, National Film Board of Canada. Photothèque, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3195995&lang=eng, Published 01/08/1941, Accessed 12/05/2021, 3195995.

Indigenous Peoples and the Second World War, R. Scott Sheffield, updated by David Joseph Gallant, The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indigenous-peoples-and-the-second-world-war, Published 12/05/2022, Accessed 08/12/2022, Courtesy of The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada <www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca>.

Sergeant Tommy Prince (R), M.M, 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, with his brother, Private Morris Prince, at an investiture at Buckingham Palace, Christopher J. Woods/Dept. of National Defence, Government of Canada, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3191550&lang=eng, Published 12/02/1945, Accessed 06/18/2021, PA-142289.

Charles Tomkins, a WWII Cree code talker standing with his brothers, Frank Tomkins, Memory Project, Historica Canada, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/mpsb-frank-tomkins-primary-source, Published 1945, Accessed 06/16/2021.

1942 conscription referendum ballot, The Begbie Contest Society, Government of Canada, http://www.begbiecontestsociety.org/test2011.htm, Published 1942, Accessed 12/05/2021.

William Lyon Mackenzie King voting on the introduction of conscription for overseas military servic, Unknown, Library and Archives Canada, https://recherche-collection-search.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/home/record?app=fonandcol&idnumber=3193315&q_type_1=q&q_1=william%20lyon%20mackenzie%20king%20voting%20on%20the%20introduction%20of%20conscription%20for%20overseas%20military%20service&ecopy=c022001, Published 04/27/1942, Accessed 11/18/2025.

Excerpt, Japanese Internment: British Columbia wages war against Japanese Canadians, CBC Learning, CBC / Canada: A People's History, CBC/Radio-Canada, https://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP14CH3PA3LE.html, Published 2001, Accessed 12/05/2021, Source: Canada: A People's History.

Japanese Hop Workers, Creator unknown, Chilliwack Museum and Archives, http://www.chilliwackmuseum.ca/hops/BG_HopCycle.html, Accessed 12/05/2021, P Coll 109 File 11.

Notice to All Japanese Persons, British Columbia Security Commission, Postal History Corner [blog], Government of British Columbia, http://postalhistorycorner.blogspot.com/2012/12/japanese-canadian-relocation-wwii.html, Published 1942, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Japanese-Canadians being relocated to camps in the interior of British Columbia, Creator unknown, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3193868&lang=eng, Published 1942, Accessed 12/05/2021, C-057250.

Relocation of Japanese-Canadians to camps in the interior of British Columbia, Creator unknown, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3193870&lang=eng, Published 1942, Accessed 12/05/2021, C-046355.

Internment camp for Japanese-Canadians [Lemon Creek, B.C], Jack Long/National Film Board of Canada. Photothèque, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3191570&lang=eng, Published 1945, Accessed 12/05/2021, PA-142853.

David Suzuki and his two sisters in an internment camp, Margaret C. Foster, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3526055&lang=eng, Published 1942-1945, Accessed 12/05/2021, Acc. no. 1976-087 / e010933900 / PA-187835.

R.C.N. officer questioning Japanese-Canadian fishermen while confiscating their boat, Dept. of National Defence, Government of Canada, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3193873&lang=eng, Published 09/12/1941, Accessed 12/05/2021, PA-112539.

Women quality checking ammunition at General Engineering Company (Canada), Archives of Ontario, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Women_quality_checking_ammunition_at_General_Engineering_Company_(Canada)_(I0058197).jpg, Published 1943, Accessed 01/26/2026.

Unit 3

Canadian Red Ensign 1921 to 1957 Northern Ontario, Government of Canada, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Canadian_Red_Ensign_1921_to_1957_Northern_Ontario.png, Published 1921, Accessed 12/18/2025.

Igor Gouzenko on TV, Montreal Star, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3239912&lang=eng, Published 10/04/1954, Accessed 12/05/2021, PA-129625.

Why Igor Gouzenko hid his identity, 1968, The Day It Is, CBC/Radio-Canada, https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/video/1.5034596, Accessed 07/02/2022.

Soviet Spy Scandal: News of a widespread spy ring in Canada cools relations with the Soviet Union, CBC Learning, CBC / Canada: A People's History, CBC/Radio-Canada, https://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP15CH1PA1LE.html, Published 2001, Accessed 12/05/2021, Source: Canada: A People's History.

For King, the Gouzenko affair was like a 'bomb', Don Butler, ProQuest, The Ottawa Citizen, https://www-proquest-com.ezproxy.biblioottawalibrary.ca/docview/240882191?accountid=46526, Published For King, the Gouzenko affair was like a 'bomb', Don Butler, Ottawa Citizen. From the series: A Glimpse Inside the Spy Scandal That Rocked Ottawa. Published 26/10/2005, Accessed 28/10/2022, Accessed 10/26/2005, Custom (only notes).

The Gouzenko Affair and the Cold War, Library and Archives Canada, https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/008001/f2/cold-e.pdf, Accessed 12/05/2021, © Government of Canada. Reproduced with the permission of Library and Archives Canada (2021). Source: Library and Archives Canada/Canadian Confederation (Archived).

Excerpt, Canada: "Big players in NATO", Yves Engler, Dissident Voice, https://dissidentvoice.org/2012/08/canada-big-players-in-nato/, Published 08/15/2012, Accessed 12/22/2022, © 2007-2022 Dissident Voice and respective authors.

Photograph of President Truman signing the document implementing the North Atlantic Treaty at his desk in the Oval Office, as a number of dignitaries look on, Abbie Rowe, NARA, US National Archives and Records Administration, https://catalog.archives.gov/id/200163, Published 08/24/1949, Accessed 12/05/2021, NARA #200163.

NATO: 'A pledge for peace and progress', CBC News, CBC Digital Archives, CBC/Radio-Canada, http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/nato-a-pledge-for-peace-and-progress, Published 04/04/1949, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Excerpt, 11 Quick Facts on... The Korean War, Veterans Affairs Canada, Government of Canada, https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/information-for/educators/quick-facts/korean-war, Published 02/12/2014, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Blue helmets cast aside, Canada keeps the peace no more, Paul Koring, The Globe and Mail, The Globe and Mail, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/blue-helmets-cast-aside-canada-keeps-the-peace-no-more/article4240950/, Published 07/06/2012, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Dew line, Wikimedia Commons, United States Government, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dew_line_1960.jpg, Published 1960, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Fringe Benefit (cartoon), Merle Tingley, London Free Press, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Excerpt, Bomarc Missile and the Nuclear Weapons Controversy: 1958-1963, The Loyal Edmonton Regiment Military Museum, https://www.lermuseum.org/index.php/1946-to-present/1957-1964/bomarc-missile-and-the-nuclear-weapons-controversy-1958-1963, Published 2010, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Cartoon: …And Now A Word From The Chopping Block, Merle Tingley, Sun Media Corporation, https://www.sutori.com/en/story/the-story-of-canada--6WzfPqCXLstznaHQLQHJJ5vX, Accessed 12/05/2021, Source: The Legionary, June 1959.

EDSAC I in construction, University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory, The Relics Project, Creator unknown, https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/relics/archive_photos.html#EDSACI, Published n.d, Accessed 12/05/2021, Copyright © Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/uk/.

The EDSAC Film, Professor M.V. Wilkes, YouTube, University of Cambridge, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6v4Juzn10gM, Published 1951, Accessed 07/11/2022.

Women locomotive fast freight cleaning, Nicholas Morant, National Film Board of Canada, Library and Archives Canada, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Locomotive_fast_freight_cleaning.png, Published January 1943, Accessed 11/18/2025.

Nursing sisters dispensing medical supplies at the Royal Canadian Naval Hospital, St. John's, Newfoundland, Dept. of National Defence, Government of Canada, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3524717&lang=eng, Published ca. 1942, Accessed 12/05/2021, PA-137825.

Miss Hide Hyoto, British Columbia's only Japanese public school teacher, who is serving voluntarily, after her school closes, at Hastings park, Vancouver, creator unknown, Toronto Star Photograph Archive, Toronto Star, https://digitalarchive.tpl.ca/objects/203282, Published 05/16/1942, Accessed 12/05/2021, Source: Toronto Public Library Digital Archive, Toronto Star Photograph Archive, Object Number: TSPA_0019279f.

Violet King, lawyer, Calgary, Alberta, Jack De Lorme, Canadian Encyclopedia, Glenbow Archives, https://digitalcollections.ucalgary.ca/asset-management/2R3BF1FYXPYZ?WS=PackagePres, Published 02/06/1954, Accessed 12/05/2021, CU1140946, Courtesy of Libraries and Cultural Resources Digital Collections, University of Calgary.

Astronaut Roberta Bondar, © Canadian Space Agency, Canadian Encyclopedia, Government of Canada, https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/multimedia/search/image/watch/213, Published 09/28/2005, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Her Excellency the Right Honorable Michaëlle Jean, Governor General of Canada (2005-2010) presented the insignia of Officers of the Order of Canada to Bertha Clark, O.C, at Rideau Hall, Sgt Eric Jolin, Rideau Hall, Canadian Encyclopedia, OSGG, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/bertha-clark-jones, Published 02/22/2008, Accessed 12/05/2021, © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada represented by the Office of the Secretary to the Governor General, 2008. Reproduced with the permission of OSGG, 2021.

The Canadian Dream: Birth of the Suburbs, CBC Learning, CBC / Canada: A People's History, CBC/Radio-Canada, https://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP15CH3PA3LE.html, Published 2001, Accessed 12/05/2021, Source: Canada: A People's History.

The Schiefner farm near Milestone, Sask. The Schiefners have all the convenience of a city home, Richard Harrington/National Film Board of Canada. Photothèque, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3364564&lang=eng, Published 12/1956, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Typical Canadian family, Mrs. William Meadows of Hull, gives 3 year old Gary a bath in the kitchen of their four room apartment, Chris Lund/National Film Board of Canada. Photothèque, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3587295&lang=eng, Published 09/1947, Accessed 12/05/2021, PA-205817.

Displaced Persons, CBC Learning, CBC / Canada: A People's History, CBC/Radio-Canada, https://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP15CH3PA1LE.html, Published 2001, Accessed 12/05/2021, Source: Canada: A People's History.

Excerpt, Canada Facts and Figures: Immigration Overview, Permanent and Temporary Residents, 2011 pg.8-9, Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, Government of Canada, https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2013/cic/Ci1-8-2011-eng.pdf, Published 10/15/2012, Accessed 12/22/2022, © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2012.

Canada – Permanent residents as a percentage of Canada’s population, 1860 to 2011 graph, Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, Government of Canada, https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2013/cic/Ci1-8-2011-eng.pdf, Published 10/15/2012, Accessed 12/22/2022, © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2012.

Excerpt, Canada – Permanent residents as a percentage of Canada’s population, 1860 to 2011 Table, Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, Government of Canada, https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2013/cic/Ci1-8-2011-eng.pdf, Published 10/15/2012, Accessed 12/22/2022, © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2012.

Group of teenagers from Deseronto, Ontario, Deseronto Archives, Cathie Vick, https://www.flickr.com/photos/deserontoarchives/5012109796/, Published May 1959, Accessed 11/19/2025.

Canada: A People's History - Comfort and Fear (Episode 15), CBC Television, CBC/Radio-Canada, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E49xGHA59hg, Published 2000, Accessed 11/01/2022.

Toronto 2024 Caribbean Carnival: Passionate permormers in feather costume on the main stage of the event, Jun Zhang/iStock Unreleased/Getty Images

From Jamaica to Toronto: An Untold Musical Trip | Play It Loud! | TVO Original, 1000374247 ONTARIO INC, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q_uq6tlskn0, Published 02/14/2025, Accessed 11/19/2025.

Canada welcomes Newfoundland into Confederation, Marionopolis College website, Creator unknown, http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/nfldhistory/Newfoundland%20History.htm, Published 03/1949, Accessed 12/05/2021, From Newfoundland History (1001-1949), Claude Bélanger, Marianopolis College. Matthew stamp © Canada Post.

Canadian Confederation - Joseph ("Joey") Smallwood (December 24, 1900 - December 18, 1991) (archived), Library and Archives Canada, https://web.archive.org/web/20130615085935/https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/confederation/023001-4000.72-e.html, Accessed 12/05/2021, © Library and Archives Canada. Reproduced with permission.

Joseph Smallwood, Library and Archives Canada, Duncan Cameron, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3221191&lang=eng, Published 1954, Accessed 12/05/2021, © Library and Archives Canada. Reproduced with permission. Duncan Cameron fonds/a113486.

Canadian Confederation - Peter John Cashin (March 8, 1890 - May 21, 1977) (archived), Library and Archives Canada, https://web.archive.org/web/20191204011301/https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/confederation/023001-4000.13-e.html, Accessed 12/05/2021, © Library and Archives Canada.

Major Peter John Cashin, Library and Archives Canada, © J. R. Smallwood Foundation, https://web.archive.org/web/20191204011301/https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/confederation/023001-4000.13-e.html, Accessed 12/05/2021, Source: Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador, Vol. 1, p.380.

Cartoon: It will be a clean sweep, the Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web Site Project, Creator Unknown, https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/politics/independent-confederate-cartoons.php#six, Accessed 12/05/2021, In The Confederate, May 31, 1948, p. 3.

Cartoon: Come into my parlour!, Creator unknown, https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/politics/independent-confederate-cartoons.php#parlor, Accessed 12/05/2021, In The Independent, May 31, 1948, p. 4.

Canada: A People's History - Comfort and Fear (Episode 15), CBC Television, CBC/Radio-Canada, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E49xGHA59hg&list=PLBB-itbjIc4gOvEZSKyNAvPQ4o1M30Ujn&index=15, Published 2000, Accessed 11/01/2022.

Excerpt, Tommy Douglas, Tabitha de Bruin, L.D. Lovick, The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/tommy-douglas, Published 07/30/2013, Accessed 01/19/2026, Courtesy of The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada <www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca>.

FLQ Oui, Wikimedia, Harryzilber, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:EC_2012-07-30.b1_IMG_0003-V.2.jpg, Published 07/30/2012, Accessed 12/04/2025.

Loud Start To The Quiet Revolution: March 17, 1955: The Riot Over Rocket Richard, Michael Farber, Sports Illustrated, November 29, 1999, Sports Illustrated, https://vault.si.com/vault/1999/11/29/loud-start-to-the-quiet-revolution-march-17-1955-the-riot-over-rocket-richard, Published 11/29/1999, Accessed 12/05/2021.

The Rocket shunned politics, Nelson Wyatt, The Telegram, The Canadian Press, Published 05/30/2000, Accessed 12/15/2022, Source: The Telegram (St. John's) Final, National News, p.5.

Maintenant ou jamais! Maîtres chez nous, Le Parti Liberal du Quebec, https://montrealconflict.files.wordpress.com/2007/12/maitrechez-nous.jpg, Accessed 12/15/2022.

Protesters at Sir George Williams University in 1969, Concordia University, The Gazette, https://www.concordia.ca/about/history/1969-student-protest/historical-context.html, Published 02/11/1969, Accessed 12/09/2025.

Black Life, Untold Stories: Revolution Remix, CBC/Radio-Canada, https://gem.cbc.ca/black-life-untold-stories?cmp=DM_SEM_Gem_Titles&autoplay=1 (Episode 2), Published 10/18/2023, Accessed 12/09/2025.

The October Crisis of 1970, Dominique Clément, Journal of Canadian Studies, University of Toronto Press, https://historyofrights.ca/wp-content/uploads/pubs/article_JCS.pdf, Published 2008, Accessed 01/26/2026.

October Crisis, Greg Scott, Canadahistory.com, www.canadahistory.com/sections/eras/trudeau/october_crisis.htm, Access HT, https://web.archive.org/web/20170425020605/https://canadahistory.com/sections/eras/trudeau/october_crisis.htm, Accessed 12/05/2021, Copyright © 2013 Access HT. All rights reserved.

What is the FLQ?, CBC Digital Archives, CBC, CBC/Radio-Canada, https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/2672182397, Published 10/10/1970, Accessed 12/05/2021.

1970: Pierre Trudeau says 'Just Watch me' during October Crisis, CBC News The National, CBC, CBC/Radio-Canada, www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/1970-pierre-trudeau-says-just-watch-me-during-october-crisis, Published 10/13/1970, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Pierre Trudeau speaks after 1980 Quebec Referendum, CBC News The National, CBC/Radio-Canada, https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/1811843992, Published 05/20/1980, Accessed 11/15/2022.

Senator James Gladstone, Creator unknown, Glenbow Archives, https://digitalcollections.ucalgary.ca/asset-management/2R3BF1OWER3B?WS=PackagePres, Published 1958, Accessed 12/05/2021, NA-1524-1.

John Diefenbaker with Chief Brono, Chief Joe Sangris, and the Mayor of Yellowknife, North West Territories, John George Diefenbaker, National Film Board, University of Saskatchewan, University Archives & Special Collections, https://memorysask.ca/john-diefenbaker-with-chief-brono-chief-joe-sangris-and-the-mayor-of-yellowknife-north-west-territories, Published 07/1961, Accessed 12/05/2021, JGD/MG01/XVII/JGD 3635.

Place sign, Six Nations, Ontario [cropped], Terfili, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Place_sign,_Six_Nations,_Ontario.JPG#globalusage, Published 08/10/2005, Accessed 12/10/2025.

Excerpt, The Calder Case, 1973, David A. Cruickshank, The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/calder-case, Published 02/09/2020, Accessed 12/05/2021, Courtesy of The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada <www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca>.

Cree upset by Quebec's James Bay mega-project, CBC Radio News, CBC, CBC/Radio-Canada, www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/cree-upset-by-quebecs-james-bay-mega-project, Published 08/03/1972, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Excerpt, Early postwar developments: Postwar prosperity, William Lewis Morton, David J. Bercuson and others, Encyclopædia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/place/Canada/Early-postwar-developments, Accessed 12/05/2021, © 2015 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Rt. Hon. Louis S. St. Laurent - Prime Minister of Canada (1948-1957), Creator unknown, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3210045&lang=eng, Published ca.1950, Accessed 12/05/2021, C-10461.

Louis St-Laurent: 'chairman of the board', CBC Radio, CBC, CBC/Radio-Canada, www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/louis-st-laurent-chairman-of-the-board, Published 11/15/1956, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Mr. Louis S. St-Laurent acknowledging cheers at the National Liberal Convention, T.V. Little, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3239908&lang=eng, Published 07/08/1948, Accessed 12/05/2021, C-021524.

Hon. C.D. Howe visiting International Nickel Company, Creator unknown, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3194411&lang=eng, Published 02/16/1942, Accessed 12/05/2021, C-019382.

Clarence Decatur Howe (1886–1960), Alberta Culture and Tourism, Government of Alberta, history.alberta.ca/energyheritage/gas/transformation/pipelines/clarence-decatur-howe.aspx, Published 2022, Accessed 12/22/2022.

Cabinet Minister C.D. Howe, Eric Bland, Edmonton Bulletin, City of Edmonton Archives (EA-600-2539c), City of Edmonton Archives, https://cityarchives.edmonton.ca/cabinet-minister-c-d-howe-2, Published 06/14/1949, Accessed 12/05/2021, CA EDM MS-1071-EA-600-2539c.

Hon. C.D. Howe, Minister of Trade and Commerce, speaking at the official opening of the Bethlehem Steel Corporation loading facilities, Creator unknown, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3216933&lang=eng, Published 11/05/1955, Accessed 12/05/2021, C-000472.

Excerpt, Leduc No. 1 Discovery Well, Alberta Culture and Community Spirit, Historic Resources Management Branch, Government of Alberta, https://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=5059, Published 2022, Accessed 12/22/2022, File: Des. 1325. Source: Canada's Historic Places, Parks Canada.

Imperial Leduc #1 well, Leduc, Alberta, H. Pollard, The Canadian Petroleum Discovery Centre, Provincial Archives of Alberta, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/economic-canadian-american-relations, Published 02/13/1947, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Drill and water truck on NFA contract on the BC-Alberta border northeast of Charlie Lake, in -49 degrees Fahrenheit, winter of 1951-52, Recorder: Official Publication of the Canadian Society of Exploration Geophysicists, © Bob Rintoul, https://csegrecorder.com/articles/view/early-days-of-seismic-field-operations-in-western-canada, Published 1951-1952, Accessed 12/05/2021, From Recorder: Official Publication of the Canadian Society of Exploration Geophysicists, December 2007, vol. 32(10).

Bustling New GM Trim Plant, Creator unknown, The Windsor Star, http://web.archive.org/web/20160116125843/http://www.canadiancar.technomuses.ca/eng/frise_chronologique-timeline/1960/, Published 12/31/1965, Accessed 12/05/2021.

New Economic Realities, CBC Learning, CBC / Canada: A People's History, CBC/Radio-Canada, https://www.cbc.ca/history/SECTIONSE1EP17CH3LE.html, Published 2001, Accessed 12/05/2021, Source: Canada - A People's History.

Cars formed a double line at a gas station in New York City, Marty Lederhandler, Associated Press, https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2013/10/15/234771573/the-1973-arab-oil-embargo-the-old-rules-no-longer-apply, Published 12/23/1973, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Alberta and the National Energy Program, CBC Alberta, CBC, CBC/Radio-Canada, https://www.cbc.ca/alberta/features/tories40/nep.html, Published 2011, Accessed 12/05/2021, From the series: Tories at 40: 1971-2011.

Prime Minister Trudeau and Alberta premier Peter Lougheed toast each other to celebrate an oil-pricing agreement between the two governments, thestar.com, The Canadian Press file photo, https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2012/09/11/tim_harper_peter_lougheed_once_stood_tallest_among_premiers.html, Published 02/09/1981, Accessed 11/15/2022.

(11512) Ford Strike, Union Support, Windsor, Ontario, 1945, Creator unknown, Walter P. Reuther Library, Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs, Wayne State University, https://reuther.wayne.edu/node/5752, Published 1945, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Excerpt, The Asbestos Strike, jameshmarsh.com, James H. Marsh, www.jameshmarsh.com/2011/11/the-asbestos-strike/, Published 11/28/2011, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Man in handcuffs - Asbestos strike, Montreal Star, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3536235&lang=eng, Published 02/1949, Accessed 12/05/2021, PA-196740.

Design proposal for the new Canadian Flag, featuring three maple leaves, Duncan Cameron, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3237759&lang=eng, Published 1964, Accessed 12/05/2021, K-0000067.

Rejected Canadian Flag Design, printed; Manitoba, April 1963, Creator unknown, scaa.sk.ca, University of Saskatchewan Archives and Special Collections, http://scaa.usask.ca/gallery/flagdisplay/design5.htm, Published 1963, Accessed 12/05/2021, From Canada's Flag Debate, Saskatchewan Council for Archives and Archivists © Diefenbaker Canada Centre Archives.

Rejected Canadian Flag Design, watercolour, Creator unknown, scaa.sk.ca, University of Saskatchewan Archives and Special Collections, http://scaa.usask.ca/gallery/flagdisplay/design2.htm, Published 1963, Accessed 12/05/2021, From Canada's Flag Debate, Saskatchewan Council for Archives and Archivists © Diefenbaker Canada Centre Archives.

Excerpt, The real story behind the Canadian Flag, CBC News The National, YouTube, CBC/Radio-Canada, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTMdH9-kmDk&t=1s, Published 02/16/2015, Accessed 11/16/2022.

Le Pavillon du Canada, Encyclopedie du Patrimoine Culturel de L'Amerique Francaise, 1967 International and Universal Exposition (Expo 67), www.ameriquefrancaise.org/fr/article-548/Expo_67_de_Montr%C3%A9al,_un_%C3%A9v%C3%A8nement_marquant.html#.VDmFyRa26Jo, Published 1963, Accessed 12/05/2021.

United States of America Pavilion and view of the minirail at Expo 67, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3198274&lang=eng, Published 02/1967, Accessed 12/05/2021, e000990869.

Monorails aplenty within the futuristic fantasy world of Expo 67, Skyrise Cities, Laurent Bélanger, https://skyrisecities.com/news/2017/04/expo-67-hallmark-canadian-optimism-and-national-pride.26520, Published 1967, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Lieutenant D. Alex Colville, War Artist, 3rd Canadian Infantry Division, Keppeln(?), Germany, 4 March 1945, Lieut. Barney J. Gloster/Dept. of National Defence, Government of Canada, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3586369&lang=eng, Published 04/03/1945, Accessed 03/24/2023, PA-206003.

Horse and Train, Alex Colville, alexcolville.ca, A.C. Fine Art Inc, http://www.alexcolville.ca/gallery/, Published 1954, Accessed 12/05/2021, Glazed tempera. 40 x 53.3 cm. Art Gallery of Hamilton, Gift of Dominion Foundries and Steel Ltd, 1957.

Mary Pratt, Ned Pratt, cbc.ca, Collection of The Rooms Provincial Art Gallery, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/mary-pratt-obituary-1.4734932, Published n.d, Accessed 03/22/2023.

Cut Watermelon, Mary Pratt, https://www.aci-iac.ca/art-books/mary-pratt/significance-and-critical-issues/, Published 1997, Accessed 12/05/2021, Woodcut, 41.9 x 61 cm, Equinox Gallery, Vancouver.

Norval Morrisseau, handout photo, Globe and Mail, Kinsman Robinson Galleries, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-documentary-shows-legal-battle-over-authenticity-of-alleged-fake-2/, Accessed 12/22/2022.

Dreaming of the Astral Plane, Norval Morrisseau, The Estate of Norval Morrisseau, http://artsdumonde.canalblog.com/archives/2015/12/08/33039786.html, Published ca.1995, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Oscar Peterson And Ella Fitzgerald, Keystone / Stringer/Hulton Archive/Getty Images

The Way You Look Tonight, Oscar Peterson, Universal Music Publishing Group, Reservoir Media Management Inc, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Way_You_Look_Tonight.ogg, Published 1967, Accessed 01/26/2026.

Home fans boo Canadians, Esposito lets them have it, CBC Sunday Magazine, CBC, CBC/Radio-Canada, www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/home-fans-boo-espo-lets-them-have-it, Published 10/09/1972, Accessed 12/05/2021.

1972 Summit Series: Canada vs Soviet Union, Hockey Hall of Fame Canada, https://www.cbc.ca/documentaries/specials/the-summit-series-was-for-canada-the-biggest-comeback-of-all-time-1.6581280, Published 09/08/1972, Accessed 01/13/2026.

In ’72, Hockey’s Cold War Boiled Over, Jeff Z. Klein, The New York Times, September 1, 2012, The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/02/sports/hockey/in-hockeys-1972-summit-series-between-canada-and-soviet-union-cold-war-got-colder.html, Published 01/09/2012, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Paul Henderson, center, beat Soviet goalie Vladislav Tretiak, and Canada won the Summit Series, Associated Press, https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/02/sports/hockey/in-hockeys-1972-summit-series-between-canada-and-soviet-union-cold-war-got-colder.html, Accessed 01/26/2026.

What is the notwithstanding clause? | Unravelled, TVO, OECA, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B5QDwfkYZQQ&t=81s, Published 11/18/2025, Accessed 01/14/2026.

Greenpeace, CBC Learning, Canada: A People's History, CBC, https://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP16CH2PA2LE.html, Published ca. 2001, Accessed 05/17/2017.

Excerpt, People with disabilities significant historical events, Region of Waterloo, Region of Waterloo, www.regionofwaterloo.ca/en/regionalGovernment/resources/DOCS_ADMIN-1292073-v1-Historical_Timeline_for_People_with_Disabilities.pdf, Accessed 05/17/2017.

Excerpt, Terry's Story: Marathon of Hope, The Terry Fox Foundation, https://terryfox.org/terrys-story/, Published 2021, Accessed 12/16/2022.

How Terry Fox changed Canada, Leslie Scrivener, Toronto Star, Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd, https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2010/04/11/how_terry_fox_changed_canada.print.html, Published 11/04/2010, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Terry Fox and Leslie Scrivener, Toronto Star file photo, Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd, https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2010/04/11/how_terry_fox_changed_canada.print.html, Published 11/04/2010, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Vietnam war protest on University Avenue in front of the U.S. consulate. (Toronto), Dick Darrell, Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd, https://sandwalk.blogspot.com/2012/12/whats-happened-to-universities.html, Accessed 12/22/2022, TST-T12114.

Excerpt, Canada's World: Historic Timeline (1956-1968), Centre for Dialogue, Simon Fraser University, https://web.archive.org/web/20100519124804/http://www.canadasworld.ca/timeline/19561968, Published 2010, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Excerpt, Canadian Multiculturalism, Laurence Brosseau and Michael Dewing, Library of Parliament, https://lop.parl.ca/sites/PublicWebsite/default/en_CA/ResearchPublications/200920E#a2-2-2, Published 03/01/2018, Accessed 12/22/2022, Publication No. 2009-20-E.

Unit 4

Demonstration of "Solidarity", D. Woljteic, euobserver.com, AFP/ Belga News Agency, https://euobserver.com/eu-political/32305, Published 01/05/1989, Accessed 05/13/2021.

The Changing Face of Ulan Bator, Paula Bronstein / Staff/Getty Images News/Getty Images

Fall of the Berlin Wall, Unknown, Senate of Berlin, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thefalloftheberlinwall1989.JPG, Published 1989, Accessed 12/15/2025.

Definition of Apartheid, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc, https://www.britannica.com/summary/apartheid, Published 2023, Accessed 09/01/2023, Source: Apartheid Summary, Editors of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/summary/apartheid.

Apartheid in Practice: Law & Order in South Africa (Poster), David King, Anti-Apartheid Movement Archives Committee, africanactivist.msu.edu/image.php?objectid=32-131-353, Published 1977, Accessed 12/15/2025, Anti-Apartheid Movement, United Nations Centre Against Apartheid.

Canada’s political fight against apartheid, Sandra Martin, The Globe and Mail, The Globe and Mail Inc, www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/nelson-mandela/canadas-political-fight-against-apartheid/article15812626/, Published 06/12/2013, Accessed 05/13/2021.

Endless war: a brief history of the Somali conflict, Sally Healy, Mark Bradbury, Conciliation Resources, https://www.c-r.org/accord/somalia/endless-war-brief-history-somali-conflict, Published 04/15/2015, Accessed 01/06/2026.

Canadian Airborne Regiment commandos Private Kyle Brown and Master Corporal Clayton Matchee, Tom Braid/QMI Agency, Sun Media Corporation, www.edmontonsun.com/2013/03/15/the-canadian-airborne-regiments-somali-affair-20-years-later, Published 12/15/1992, Accessed 12/15/2025.

Somalia Distinguished Service Medal CANADA (For the destruction of evidence and the tolerance of racism, torture and murder), Bob Krieger, The SFU Library Editorial Cartoons Collection (W: edocs.lib.sfu.ca/projects/Cartoons/index.htm), The Province, a division of Postmedia Network Inc, http://digital.lib.sfu.ca/islandora/object/edcartoons:5096, Published 05/10/1995, Accessed 12/15/2025, SFU Library Editorial Cartoons Collection, Identifier 3-1995-10-05.

Rwandan children who had lost their parents rest at Ndosha camp in Goma, John Isaac, UN News Centre, UN Photo, https://media.un.org/photo/en/asset/oun7/oun7755775, Published 25/07/1994, Accessed 17/05/2017.

Jean apologizes for Canada’s role in Rwanda, Tonda MacCharles, Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd, www.thestar.com/news/canada/2010/04/21/jean_apologizes_for_canadas_role_in_rwanda.html, Published 04/21/2010, Accessed 05/13/2021.

Gov. Gen. Michaelle Jean pauses after laying a wreath Wednesday at the mass gravesite of 250,000 victims of the 1994 Rwandan genocide, Tonda MacCharles, Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd, www.thestar.com/news/canada/2010/04/21/jean_apologizes_for_canadas_role_in_rwanda.html, Published 04/21/2010, Accessed 05/13/2021.

Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali places a flower wreath next to a shed in which lie the remains of Rwandan civilians massacred last year, C. Dufka, Flickr, United Nations, https://www.flickr.com/photos/un_photo/24442175523/in/album-72157694928781020/, Published 14/07/1995, Accessed 12/15/2025, Photo # 84155.

Why we need to amplify Indigenous voices?, Sara Sinclair, TED Conferences, LLC, https://www.ted.com/talks/sara_sinclair_why_we_need_to_amplify_indigenous_voices, Published March 2021, Accessed 01/08/2026.

Honouring the Truth, Reconciling for the Future, National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation, https://ehprnh2mwo3.exactdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Executive_Summary_English_Web.pdf, Published 04/15/2015, Accessed 01/08/2026.

Your questions answered about Canada's residential school system, CBC News, CBC, CBC/Radio-Canada, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canada-residential-schools-kamloops-faq-1.6051632, Published 01/07/2021, Accessed 01/17/2023.

A pair of children's moccasins at a memorial, Ben Selms, CBC News, CBC/Radio-Canada, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canada-residential-schools-kamloops-faq-1.6051632, Published 01/07/2021, Accessed 01/17/2023.

Residential Schools of Canada Map, Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canada-residential-schools-kamloops-faq-1.6051632, Published May 2011, Accessed 01/17/2023.

People pay their respects at a growing memorial in Vancouver, Ben Selms, CBC News, CBC/Radio-Canada, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canada-residential-schools-kamloops-faq-1.6051632, Published 01/07/2021, Accessed 01/17/2023.

Members of Metepenagiag First Nation marched to raise awareness and honour the memory of the 215 children in New Brunswick, Gary Moore, CBC/Radio-Canada, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canada-residential-schools-kamloops-faq-1.6051632, Published 04/06/2021, Accessed 01/17/2023.

Demonstrators gathered for a vigil in honour of the 215 children at the controversial John A. Macdonald statue in Charlottetown on Monday, Jane Robertson, CBC/Radio-Canada, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canada-residential-schools-kamloops-faq-1.6051632, Published 04/06/2021, Accessed 01/17/2023.

Excerpt, Africville, Jon Tattrie, updated by Celine Cooper and Clayton Ma, The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/africville/, Published 01/27/2014, Accessed 05/13/2021, Courtesy of The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada <www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca>.

Excerpt, Victims of the Times, CBC Learning, CBC / Canada: A People's History, CBC/Radio-Canada, www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP16CH3PA2LE.html, Accessed 05/14/2021, Source: Canada: A People's History.

Excerpt, General Overview, JapaneseCanadianHistory.net, https://japanesecanadianhistory.net/historical-overview/general-overview/, Accessed 01/26/2026, © JapaneseCanadianHistory.net or its licensors, as applicable. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Japanese Canadian: A Story of Hope, Resilience and Growth, Japanese Canadian Cultural Centre, https://jccc.on.ca/heritage/exhibitions/online-exhibition, Published 11/10/2022, Accessed 01/08/2026.

The Inuit High Arctic Relocation: Adapted from "Backgrounder - Apology for Inuit High Arctic Relocation", Government of Canada, Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development, https://web.archive.org/web/20131225095749/www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100015426/1100100015427, Accessed 05/14/2021, This is a reproduction of the version available at http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1290197332920/1290197547387.

Excerpt, Reform Party of Canada, Trevor W. Harrison, updated by Richard Foot, The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/reform-party-of-canada, Published 01/06/2017, Accessed 08/12/2022, Courtesy of The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada <www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca>.

Excerpt, Bloc Québécois Party of Canada, CHS, https://canadahistory.com/sections/politics/Political_Parties/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois.html, Accessed 01/22/2026.

Elizabeth May portrait, CARP, Green Party of Canada, https://www.carp.ca/2012/02/09/letter-to-carp-from-elizabeth-may-re-oas/, Accessed 05/14/2021.

Excerpt, Canadian Political Parties, The Canada Guide, https://thecanadaguide.com/government/political-parties/, Accessed 01/22/2026.

Address by Prime Minister Paul Martin on Bill C-39, Government of Canada, https://www.canada.ca/en/news/archive/2005/02/address-prime-minister-paul-martin-bill-c-38-civil-marriage-act-.html, Accessed 01/20/2026, This is a reproduction of the version available at https://www.canada.ca/en/news/archive/2005/02/address-prime-minister-paul-martin-bill-c-38-civil-marriage-act-.html.

Gender Wage Gap, Statistics Canada, Government of Canada, https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-627-m/11-627-m2023049-eng.htm, Published 09/21/2023, Accessed 01/07/2026, © His Majesty the King in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Industry, 2023.

Excerpt, Bill C-31, Indigenous Foundations/First Nations and Indigenous Studies, University of British Columbia, http://web.archive.org/web/20170320084653/http://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/bill_c-31/, Accessed 05/14/2021, © First Nations Studies Program.

Paul Okalik, CambridgeBayWeather, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_Okalik.jpg, Published 01/17/2001, Accessed 01/13/2026.

Adapted from Nunavut and the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement - An Unresolved Relationship, Barry Dewar, Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated, https://www.tunngavik.com/files/2010/04/nlca-nunavut-dewar-2009.pdf, Published 01/07/2009, Accessed 05/14/2021, Appeared in Policy Options, July-August 2009.

Metis Flag, jewhyte, iStock / Getty Images Plus, Getty Images, https://www.gettyimages.ca/detail/photo/metis-flag-royalty-free-image/1407402447?phrase=metis%20canada, Accessed 01/26/2026.

Excerpt, Métis, Rick Ouellet & Erin Hanson/First Nations Studies Program, University of British Columbia, http://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/metis/, Accessed 05/14/2021, © First Nations Studies Program.

Excerpt, FAQ: About the Métis?, Métis National Council, https://www2.metisnation.ca/about/faq/, Published 2022, Accessed 08/12/2022.

Franco-Ontario flag, Ontario Office of Francophone Affairs, Ontario Office of Francophone Affairs (W: www.ofa.gov.on.ca/en/franco-flag.html), King's Printer for Ontario, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Franco-Ontarian_flag.svg, Accessed 05/14/2021.

Rosemary Sadlier, Lawrence Kerr Photography, https://www.cbc.ca/life/culture/25-reads-from-2021-you-won-t-want-to-miss-1.6295323, Accessed 01/07/2026.

Jean Augustine, The Jean Augustine Centre for Young Women’s Empowerment, https://mtlcommunitycontact.com/dr-augustine-served-as-the-messenger-and-the-message/, Accessed 01/07/2026.

Excerpt, Four Days in September, Transport Canada, Government of Canada, https://tc.canada.ca/en/four-days-september#yellow, Published 07/01/2014, Accessed 05/14/2021.

Excerpt, Notes for a Statement by Prime Minister Jean Chrétien: An Address to the Nation Concerning the International Campaign Against Terrorism, Jean Crétien, Office of the Prime Minister, epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/205/301/prime_minister-ef/jean_chretien/2003-12-08/stagingpm_3a8080/default.asp@language=e&page=newsroom&sub=speeches&doc=nationterrorism.20011007_e.htm, Published 07/10/2001, Accessed 05/14/2021, Public Works and Government Services Canada (PWGSC).

A Canadian soldier takes a position during a patrol in Arghandab, a district of Kandahar province, Allauddin Khan, Associated Press: Image ID 08070603710, Associated Press, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canada-s-military-mission-in-afghanistan-1.777386, Published 06/07/2008, Accessed 05/14/2021, Image no. 08070603710.

Excerpt, Canada and the War in Afghanistan, Stephen Azzi, Richard Foot, The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/international-campaign-against-terrorism-in-afghanistan, Published 05/02/2021, Accessed 08/12/2022, Courtesy of The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada <www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca>.

Canadian Forces’ Casualty Statistics (Afghanistan), The Department of National Defense and the Canadian Armed Forces, National Defence and the Canadian Armed Forces (www.forces.gc.ca), Government of Canada, https://www.canada.ca/en/news/archive/2011/01/canadian-forces-casualty-statistics-afghanistan-.html, Published 10/06/2013, Accessed 05/14/2021.

Canada's 'No' To Iraq War A Defining Moment For Prime Minister, Even 10 Years Later, Sunny Freeman, HuffPost, The Huffington Post Canada, https://www.huffpost.com/archive/ca/entry/canadas-no-to-iraq-war-a-defining-moment-for-prime-minister_n_2902305, Published 03/19/2013, Accessed 05/14/2021, © TheHuffingtonPost.com, Inc.

Cartoon: Canada's sovereignty over Arctic, raesidecartoon.com website, Adrian Raeside for the Victoria Times-Colonist, https://raesidecartoon.com/vault/canadas-sovereignty-over-artic/, Accessed 05/14/2021.

President Obama Holds Media Availability With Canadian Prime Minister Harper, Alex Wong / Staff/Getty Images News/Getty Images

Heads of State Attend G7 Meeting in Quebec, Leon Neal / Staff/Getty Images News/Getty Images

The New Canadian Family, TVO, OECA, https://dcc-upload.s3.ca-central-1.amazonaws.com/chc2d_html/assets/locker_docs/chc2d_18_new_canadian.pdf, Accessed 05/14/2021, Source: The Agenda with Steve Paikin, with data from Statistics Canada (Portrait of Families and Living Arrangements in Canada; Fifty Years of Families in Canada: 1961-2011) © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority.

Canadian families shrinking, married couples in decline: Census, Bill Curry, The Globe and Mail, The Globe and Mail Inc, www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/canadian-families-shrinking-married-couples-in-decline-census/article4553124/, Published 19/09/2012, Accessed 12/15/2025.

Canadian Families, Leigh Tynan, Canadian Press, Accessed 12/15/2025.

Excerpt, Immigration Acts (1866–2001): Asian and African Immigration, 1980s and 1990s, Canada in the Making, Canadiana.org, https://web.archive.org/web/20130610125327/https://www.canadiana.ca/citm/specifique/immigration_e.html, Accessed 05/17/2021, From Canada in the Making.

Canadian Immigration in 2011 (infographic), CanadaFAQ, http://www.canadafaq.ca/canadian-immigration-facts.php, Published 2015, Accessed 12/15/2025, Granted under Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/.

Multiculturalism in its controversial glory: Is Canada a 'country without a core culture'?, Joe O'Connor, National Post website, Postmedia Network Inc, https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/multiculturalism-in-its-controversial-glory-is-canada-a-country-without-a-core-culture, Published 10/24/2012, Accessed 05/17/2021.

Image: Group of people with Canadian flags, Dean Bicknell/Postmedia News, Postmedia Network Inc, https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/multiculturalism-in-its-controversial-glory-is-canada-a-country-without-a-core-culture, Published 10/24/2012, Accessed 05/17/2021.

Image: Parminder Singh, National Post files, Postmedia Network Inc, https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/multiculturalism-in-its-controversial-glory-is-canada-a-country-without-a-core-culture, Published 10/24/2012, Accessed 05/17/2021.

Canadians on Citizenship (accessible version), icc-icc.ca, Institute for Canadian Citizenship, Published 2012, Accessed 05/17/2021.

Year in Ideas: How Canadian identity has changed and what it means for our future, Kathryn Blaze Carlson, National Post, Postmedia Network Inc, https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/year-in-ideas-how-canadian-identity-has-changed-and-what-it-means-for-our-future, Published 28/12/2012, Accessed 17/05/2021, © 2021 National Post, a division of Postmedia Network Inc. All rights reserved.

Fans Watch the Men's Gold Medal Hockey Game, Chris Graythen / Staff/Getty Images Sport/Getty Images

British Paratroopers Search For Weapons In Southern Afghanistan, Marco Di Lauro / Stringer/Getty Images News/Getty Images

Excerpt, Hollywood North: The Canadian film industry, Statistics Canada, www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-402-x/2006/3955/ceb3955_003-eng.htm, Published 01/28/2006, Accessed 05/17/2021, Reproduced and distributed on an "as is" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada.

Cirque du Soleil's Saltimbanco Rehearses In London, Scott Barbour / Staff/Getty Images Entertainment/Getty Images

60-Minute Special #1 | Cirque du Soleil | Kurios – Cabinet of Curiosities, ‘’O’’ and Luzia, Youtube, Cirque du Soleil, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQ5eUJNXrMw, Published 03/27/2020, Accessed 09/12/2022.

Excerpt, What Is an Economic Bubble and How Does it Work, With Examples, Will Kenton, Investopedia, LLC, https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bubble.asp, Published 04/04/2022, Accessed 01/21/2026, © People.Inc.

Why Canada’s recession wasn’t as brutal, Tavia Grant, The Globe and Mail, The Globe and Mail Inc, www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/economy/economy-lab/why-canadas-recession-wasnt-as-brutal/article612437/, Published 11/03/2011, Accessed 05/17/2021.

Excerpt, Global Problems and the Culture of Capitalism, 6th Edition, Richard Robbins, Pearson, Published 11/22/2019, Accessed 05/17/2021.

How the fishery collapsed (infographic), Alfred Elicierto, visualstoryteller.wordpress.com/, Toronto Star, https://visualstoryteller.wordpress.com/2012/05/21/overfishing-killed-newfoundlands-cod-fishery/, Published 1993, Accessed 12/15/2025, Sources: Canada’s provincial fisheries departments; Statistics Canada.

Excerpt, New Economic Realities, CBC Learning, CBC / Canada: A People's History, CBC/Radio-Canada, https://www.cbc.ca/history/SECTIONSE1EP17CH3LE.html, Published 2001, Accessed 12/05/2021, Source: Canada - A People's History.

Excerpt, Bringing Down the Barriers, CBC Learning, CBC / Canada: A People's History, CBC/Radio-Canada, https://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP17CH3PA2LE.html, Published 2001, Accessed 05/17/2021, Source: Canada: A People's History.

NAFTA Initialing Ceremony, October 1992, United States Government, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nafta.jpg, Published 10/07/1992, Accessed 05/18/2021, Source: George Bush Presidential Library.

Excerpt, North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Peter Bondarenko/The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc, www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/418784/North-American-Free-Trade-Agreement-NAFTA, Published 05/05/2017, Accessed 05/18/2021.

Regional Inequality In Canada Among Worst In Developed World: OECD, Sunny Freeman, HuffPost, The Huffington Post Canada, https://www.huffpost.com/archive/ca/entry/regional-inequality-in-canada-among-worst-in-developed-world-oe_n_5948010?utm_hp_ref=economy-canada, Published 07/10/2014, Accessed 05/18/2021, Part of HuffPost News. ©2021 BuzzFeed, Inc.

Regional difference in GDP per capita levels, HuffPost, OECD Publishing, https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/urban-rural-and-regional-development/oecd-regional-outlook-2014_9789264201415-en#page36, Published 2014, Accessed 12/12/2022, Source: OECD Regional Outlook 2014: Regions and Cities: Where Policies and People Meet.

Regional disparities in unemployment trends, HuffPost, OECD Publishing, https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/urban-rural-and-regional-development/oecd-regional-outlook-2014_9789264201415-en#page36, Published 2014, Accessed 12/12/2022, Source: OECD Regional Outlook 2014: Regions and Cities: Where Policies and People Meet.

Excerpt, Ontario Economy's Challenges Are Just Beginning, Maria Babbage, HuffPost, The Canadian Press, http://web.archive.org/web/20130914031955/www.huffingtonpost.ca/2013/09/11/ontario-economy-challenges_n_3906041.html, Published 11/09/2013, Accessed 05/18/2021.

Excerpt, Quebec, Britannica Kids, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc, https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Quebec/276614#, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Excerpt, The grand plan for Quebec’s North, Barrie McKenna, The Globe and Mail, The Globe and Mail Inc, www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/industry-news/energy-and-resources/the-grand-plan-for-quebecs-north/article4263113/, Published 08/24/2012, Accessed 05/18/2021.

Prime Minister Brian Mulroney sits and reads a statement after he and the provincial premiers reached an agreement in principal on constitutional grievances, after meeting at Meech Lake, April 30, 1987. Left to right Richard Hatfield N.B, Robert Bourassa Que, David Peterson Ont, John Buchanan N.S, Howard Pawley Man, Bill Vander Zalm B.C, Joe Ghiz P.E.I, Grant Devine Sask, Brian Peckford Nfld, and Don Getty Alta, Charles Mitchell, Global News, The Canadian Press, https://globalnews.ca/news/1225764/newly-released-cabinet-records-show-mulroney-castigated-trudeau-over-meech-lake/, Published 30/04/1987, Accessed 12/15/2025.

NDP MLA Elijah Harper salutes supporters from the steps of the Manitoba Legislature after refusing to let the debate on the Meech Lake Accord go any further, Wayne Glowacki, Winnipeg Free Press, Winnipeg Free Press Archives, https://www.winnipegfreepress.com/breakingnews/2013/05/18/elijah-harper-the-humble-man-who-said-no, Published 06/22/1990, Accessed 05/18/2021.

Lucien Bouchard giving the opening speech at the Bloc Quebecois convention in Montreal on April 7, 1995, Pierre Roussel, Flickr, Images Distribution Canada, https://www.flickr.com/photos/imagesdistributioncanada/5661983102, Published 07/04/1995, Accessed 05/18/2021.

Map of Oka Crisis, Montreal Gazette, JeffParkinson.ca [blog], a division of Postmedia Network Inc, https://caledoniawakeupcall.wordpress.com/2010/01/22/is-oka-round-2-about-to-erupt/, Accessed 05/18/2021.

Patrick Cloutier and Brad Larocque during Oka crisis, Shaney Komulainen, The Toronto Star, The Canadian Press, https://www.thestar.com/news/insight/2015/08/22/a-warrior-a-soldier-and-a-photographer-remembering-the-oka-crisis.html, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Excerpts, Kanehsatake: 270 Years of Resistance, Alanis Obomsawin, National Film Board of Canada, https://www.nfb.ca/film/kanehsatake_270_years_of_resistance/, Published 1993, Accessed 06/16/2021.

Pre-1975 Treaties of Canada, Government of Canada, https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1100100032297/1544716489360, Published June 2022, Accessed 01/14/2026, Indigenous Services Canada, Geomatics Services.

Why Canada’s Indigenous Uprising is About All of Us, Sarah van Gelder, Yes! Magazine website, YES! Magazine, http://www.yesmagazine.org/issues/how-cooperatives-are-driving-the-new-economy/why-canada2019s-indigenous-uprising-is-about-all-of-us, Published 07/02/2013, Accessed 05/18/2021.

Idle No More founders: Sheelah McLean, Nina Wilson, Sylvia McAdam, Jessica Gordon, Idle No More, Marcel Petit/m.pet productions, https://idlenomore.ca/idle-no-more-is-founded-by-4-women-idle-no-more/, Published 10/11/2012, Accessed 05/18/2021.

G20 protest violence prompts over 400 arrests, CBC, CBC/Radio-Canada, www.cbc.ca/news/canada/g20-protest-violence-prompts-over-400-arrests-1.906583, Published 06/26/2010, Accessed 05/18/2021.

Demonstrators Protest The G20 Summit, Simon Hayter/ Stringer/Getty Images News/Getty Images

Protesters, including some wearing masks, take part in the march, Nazim Walji/CBC, www.cbc.ca/news/canada/g20-protest-violence-prompts-over-400-arrests-1.906584, Accessed 05/18/2021.

The fallout from Toronto’s G20 protests, John Intini, Julia Belluz, Josh Dehaas and Stephanie Findlay, Maclean's Magazine, Maclean’s, Inc, www.macleans.ca/news/canada/showdown-in-the-streets/, Published 10/07/2010, Accessed 05/18/2021, © St. Joseph Communications.