Unless otherwise stated, all assets used in this course are the intellectual property of TVO Media Education Group or are used under licence, including assets provided by Getty Images.
Big If True: Kids, Conspiracies, and Social Media, TVO, OECA, https://www.tvo.org/video/kids-conspiracies-and-social-media, Published 02/23/2025, Accessed 08/16/2025.
Big If True: Kids, Conspiracies, and Social Media, TVO, OECA, https://www.tvo.org/video/kids-conspiracies-and-social-media, Published 02/23/2025, Accessed 08/16/2025.
C.R.A.A.P. Checklist, California State University, Published 5/24/2024, Accessed 05/29/2024, Licenced under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
The Under-Study: The Triple Alliance Revised and Corrected, Project Gutenberg, Carlin (Carlo Bergoglio), http://www.gutenberg.org/files/20521/20521-h/20521-h.htm#The_Under-Study, Published 06/02/2007, Accessed 10/05/2021, From Current History, A Monthly Magazine: The European War, March 1915. New York Times. Originally published in Numero no. 46 (November 8, 1914), Turin.
A Russian poster from 1914 personifying the three countries in the Triple Entente in human form, Wikimedia Commons, Unknown Artist, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Triple_Entente.jpg, Published ca. 1915, Accessed 10/05/2021.
Royal Visit, Henry Guttmann Collection/Hulton Royals Collection/Getty Images
Chain of Friendship, Unknown Artist, johndclare.net, Brooklyn Eagle Newspaper, http://www.johndclare.net/images/Alliances.GIF, Published 07/1914, Accessed 17/05/2017.
Those Are Regulars By God (Battle of Chippewa), H. Charles McBarron, U.S. Army Center of Military History, United States of America War Office, http://www.history.army.mil/html/artphoto/pripos/usaia-print/chippewa-p.html, Published 1960, Accessed 17/05/2017, Department of the Army Poster No. 21-39.
Moving big guns up to the front by hand, Ernest Brooks, National Library of Scotland, National Library of Scotland, digital.nls.uk/74546544, Accessed 17/05/2017, Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Infanterie française en action [tireurs embusqués derrière un fossé], Agence Rol. Agence photographique, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Bibliothèque nationale de France, https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b6931788r/, Published 1914, Accessed 16/12/2025, Rol, 42359.
Five members of an Australian trench mortar battery, British Official Photograph, Australian War Memorial, Australian War Memorial, https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/EZ0149/, Published 02/08/1916, Accessed 17/05/2017, AWM Acc. No. EZ0149.
Latest French anti-aircraft gun, Library of Congress, Bain News Service, publisher, https://www.loc.gov/item/ggb2006000416/, Accessed 17/05/2017, Digital ID: ggbain 25002 //hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ggbain.25002.
The Battle of the Somme, July-November 1916, Lieutenant John Warwick Brooke, Imperial War Museums, Imperial War Museums, www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205193865, Published 1916, Accessed 17/05/2017, Photograph Q 3995, Collection no. 1900-13.
U.S. Hotchkiss Machine Gun, Unknown, Wikimedia Commons, United States Army Heritage and Education Center (USAHEC), https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:U.S._Hotchkiss_Machine_Gun.jpg, Published 10/05/1918, Accessed 17/05/2017.
The Battle of the Somme, July-November 1916, Lieutenant John Warwick Brooke, Imperial War Museums, Imperial War Museums, www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205193132, Published 1916, Accessed 17/05/2017, Photograph Q 3990, Collection no. 1900-13.
The Second Battle of Ypres, Richard Jack, Library and Archives Canada, Library and Archives Canada, https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=2837593&lang=eng&ecopy=c014145k, Published ca. 1920, Accessed 16/12/2025, LAC Acc. No. C-014145.
The Battle of the Somme, July-November 1916, John Warwick Brooke, Imperial War Museums, Imperial War Museums, https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205073307, Published 08/1916, Accessed 16/12/2025, IWM Catalogue No. Q 4408.
Canadian machine gunners dig themselves in, in shell holes on Vimy Ridge, Library and Archives Canada, Library and Archives Canada, https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3241489&lang=eng&ecopy=a001017-v8, Published 04/1917, Accessed 16/12/2025, LAC Acc. No. PA-001017.
The Battle of Passchendaele, July-November 1917, W. Rider-Rider, Imperial War Museums, Imperial War Museums, https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205193417, Published 11/1917, Accessed 16/12/2025, IWM Catalogue No. CO 2212.
(Canadian Forestry Corps) Canadian Forestry Corps, Timber Yard, France, c. 1918, Canada. Dept. of National Defence, Library and Archives Canada, https://recherche-collection-search.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/Home/Record?app=fonandcol&IdNumber=3523256&q_type_1=q&q_1=PA-022984&ecopy=a022984, Published 1918, Accessed 08/27/2026, PA-022984.
Honour Before Glory, Anthony Sherwood Productions Inc, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M_l5CgV8OPg, Published 11/07/2001, Accessed 08/27/2026.
World War One: A Century On. Copyright © The Agenda with Steve Paikin/The Ontario Educational Communications Authority (TVO). All rights reserved.
WWI 1918 ration card, issued to Leonard Clarke by the Government of the United Kingdom, 1918, URL: www.1900s.org.uk/1918-food-rationing.htm, Accessed 10/05/2021.
How to Live in Wartime, Internet Archive, National Service Board of Canada, https://archive.org/details/howtoliveinwarti00cana/mode/2up, Published 1917, Accessed 10/05/2021, Digitized by University of Toronto, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library.
Waste Not - Want Not - Prepare for Winter, Unknown Artist, Library and Archives Canada, Canada Food Board, http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&lang=eng&rec_nbr=2894436&rec_nbr_list=2894436,2897697, Published ca. 1914-1918, Accessed 17/05/2017, LAC Acc. No. 1983-28-706.
Can I Afford to Pay for Freedom, Canadian War Museum, Canadian Patriotic Fund, http://www.warmuseum.ca/collections/artifact/1026929/, Published ca. 1914-1919, Accessed 17/05/2017, CWM Artifact No. 19890086-884.
Military Service Act, 1917, p. 76-77, Canadian War Museum, Government of Canada, https://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/archival-documents/government-documents/forms-from-the-military-service-act-forms-from-the-military-service-act-of-1917/, Published 1917, Accessed 08/01/2026, Hartland-Molson Library Collection, UB 345 C2 C36.
Excerpt from Warlords : Borden, Mackenzie King, and Canada's World Wars, Tim Cook, Penguin Random House Canada, Penguin Random House Canada, Published 2012, Accessed 17/12/2025.
Emily Murphy & Friends, Unknown Photographer, City of Edmonton Archives, City of Edmonton Archives, https://cityarchives.edmonton.ca/emily-murphy-friends-2, Published 1918, Accessed 17/05/2017, CA EDM MS-56-EA-10-2070.
Two Canadian nurses pose in service dress uniforms, Unknown Photographer, Canadian War Museum, Canadian War Museum, https://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/photographs/life-at-the-front-photographs/canadian-nurses/, Published 1917, Accessed 17/05/2017, George Metcalf Archival Collection/CWM 19920085-353.
Facing adapter to length, No. 101 British Percussion Fuze, Russell Motor Car Co. Ltd, Unknown Photographer, Library and Archives Canada, Canada Department of National Defence, https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3193554&lang=eng&, Published ca. 1917, Accessed 17/05/2017, LAC Acc. No. PA-024640.
Nursing Sisters at a Canadian Hospital voting in the Canadian federal election, William Rider-Rider, Library and Archives Canada, Canada Department of National Defence, https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3194224&lang=eng&ecopy=a002279, Published 12/1917, Accessed 17/05/2017, LAC Acc. No. PA-002279.
A Mock Parliament to Win the Vote for Women, Parks Canada, Parks Canada, Government of Canada, https://parks.canada.ca/culture/designation/evenement-event/suffrage-femmes-vote-women, Published 2003, Accessed 17/12/2025, This poster was made by Parks Canada in 2003 to commemorate the National Historic Event that took place on January 28th, 1914 in the Walker Theatre.
Peace Signing (Treaty of Versailles), Henry Guttmann/Stringer/Hulton Archive/Getty Images
Treaty of Versailles 1919 (including Covenant of the League of Nations), 32 signatories to The Treaty of Peace between the Allied Powers and Germany, Museum of Australian Democracy, National Archives of Australia, Commonwealth of Australia, Treaties Secretariat, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, https://foundingdocs.gov.au/scan-sid-5.html, Accessed 10/05/2021.
Return of the 10th Battalion, Calgary, Alberta, A. and D. Grant, University of Calgary, Glenbow Library and Archives Collection, Libraries and Cultural Resources Digital Collections, University of Calgary, https://digitalcollections.ucalgary.ca/asset-management/2R3BF1OJB8F6?WS=PackagePres, Published 23/04/1919, Accessed 18/12/2025, Glenbow Archives ID # CU1107347.
G. W. V. A. (Great War Veterans Association) parade at City Hall (back door). Mayor Gray under "Down with Bolshevism" sign. 4 June 1919, L.B. Foote, Manitoba Historical Society, Archives of Manitoba, http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/64/winnipeggeneralstrike4.jpg, Published 04/06/1919, Accessed 10/05/2021, Winnipeg General Strike photographs, #N12296.
How Direct Taxation Works, A Country by Consent, Unknown Artist, https://www.canadahistoryproject.ca/1914/1914-06-centralizing-effects-wwi.html, Accessed 10/05/2021, A Country by Consent project, West/Dunn Productions.
Crowd gathered outside the Union Bank of Canada building on Main Street during the Winnipeg General Strike, Unknown Photographer, Library and Archives Canada, Library and Archives Canada, https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/CollectionSearch/Pages/record.aspx?app=fonandcol&IdNumber=3192170&new=-8585781694732633975, Published 21/06/1919, Accessed 10/05/2021, LAC Acc. No. PA-163001.
Winnipeg General strike. Mounties first charge, Unknown Photographer, Library and Archives Canada, Library and Archives Canada, https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/CollectionSearch/Pages/record.aspx?app=fonandcol&IdNumber=3531265&new=-8585781694376970452, Published 21/06/1919, Accessed 10/05/2021, LAC Acc. No. PA-176556.
Three immigrants of various ethnic backgrounds who settled in Canada in the early 20th century, John Woodruff, Library and Archives Canada, Library and Archives Canada, https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/CollectionSearch/Pages/record.aspx?app=fonandcol&IdNumber=3629700&new=-8585781692473161561, Published 1908, Accessed 10/05/2021, LAC Acc. No. C-009798.
British immigrant children from Dr. Barnardo's Homes at landing stage, Saint John, N.B, Isaac Erb, Library and Archives Canada, Library and Archives Canada, https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3193366&lang=eng&ecopy=a041785, Published ca. 1920, Accessed 17/05/2017, LAC Acc. No. PA-041785.
R. E. Bray speaks to a crowd, Unknown Photographer, Manitoba Historical Society, Archives of Manitoba, http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/13/striketour.shtml, Published 13/06/1919, Accessed 17/05/2017.
Chinese Canadians cleaning fish circa 1920, William James Topley, Library and Archives Canada, Library and Archives Canada, http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&lang=eng&rec_nbr=3371219, Published ca. 1920, Accessed 17/05/2017, LAC Acc. No. PA-011605.
Poster reading “British boys learn how to own your farm in Canada, Unknown Artist, Government of Alberta, Canadian Pacific Limited, http://history.alberta.ca/energyheritage/coal/the-early-development-of-the-coal-industry-1874-1914/steam-locomotives-and-railway-expansion/default.aspx, Accessed 10/05/2021, Source: Canadian Pacific Archives, #2053.
Children listening to radio, Calgary, Alberta, Unknown Photographer, University of Calgary, Glenbow Library and Archives Collection, Libraries and Cultural Resources Digital Collections, University of Calgary, https://digitalcollections.ucalgary.ca/asset-management/2R3BF1OSWULF?WS=PackagePres, Published ca. 1920s, Accessed 22/12/2025, #NA-2903-55.
Bombardier Air Sled, the first snow vehicle built by J.-Armand Bombardier in 1922, Unknown Photographer, New Hampshire Snowmobile Association, Bombardier Archives, https://slednh.com/history-of-the-snowmobile-joseph-armand-bombardier/, Published 1922, Accessed 22/12/2025, © 2017, Museum of Ingenuity J. Armand Bombardier. All rights reserved.
Dr. Frederick Banting and Dr. Charles Best, discovers of insulin, Unknown Photographer, Library and Archives Canada, Library and Archives Canada, https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/CollectionSearch/Pages/record.aspx?app=fonandcol&IdNumber=3382743&new=-8585781674451901851, Published ca. 1920-1935, Accessed 22/12/2025, Published in "The Star Weekly Magazine", Toronto, February 9, 1963, p. 8. LAC Acc. No. C-001350.
Tree of intemperance, Archibald Macbrair (lithographer), Library of Congress, Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2003689279/, Published ca. 1855, Accessed 22/12/2025, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-DIG-pga-11564.
Rocco Perri Mug Shot, The Hamilton Spectator, Unknown Photographer, http://www.thespec.com/news-story/2182159-gunned-down-a-moll-dies/, Accessed 17/05/2017, The Hamilton Spectator Collection (file photo), Hamilton Public Library.
Rum runner sloop with crates of alcohol stacked on deck (1924), Unknown Photographer, Wikimedia Commons, United States Coast Guard, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rumrunner_cargo.jpg, Published 13/01/1924, Accessed 17/05/2017, United States Coast Guard/G-APA-01-13-24 (02) G.F.
Blind pigs like this one at 932 E. Columbia flourished all over the city during prohibition, Unknown Photographer, The Detroit News, The Detroit News, https://www.detroitnews.com/picture-gallery/news/local/michigan-history/2015/12/12/detroit-during-prohibition-bootleggers-dream-town/77077056/, Published ca. 1920s, Accessed 17/05/2017.
Illegal distribution of alcohol during prohibition, wikispaces.com, Unknown Photographer, mrskhistory.wikispaces.com/*Prohibition2, Published ca. 1920s, Accessed 17/05/2017, University at Albany, "Bootleggers during Finnish prohibition pour smuggled alcohol into half-litre metal flasks on the island of Santahamina in the 1920s".
Prohibition police seize illegal barrels of liquor, circa 1930, FPG / Staff/Archive Photos/Getty Images
Blind pigs raided, 160 kegs destroyed, Elk Lake, Ontario, C.H.J. Snider, City of Montréal, Archives of Ontario, https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/memoiresdesmontrealais/files/alcool-prohibition-ontario, Published 1925, Accessed 17/05/2017, Reference Code F 1194 S 15000, I0015265.
Bartenders at Sloppy Joe's in Chicago bar pour a round of drinks on the house for a large group of smiling customers as it was announced that the 18th Amendment had been repealed, TIME USA, LLC, Unknown Photographer, http://time.com/3605609/a-toast-to-the-end-of-prohibition/, Published 05/12/1933, Accessed 17/05/2017, American Stock Archive/Getty Images.
Booze, bullying, and moral panic: The temperance election of 1926, TVO, Jamie Bradburn, https://www.tvo.org/article/booze-bullying-and-moral-panic-the-temperance-election-of-1926, Published 05/09/2018, Accessed 06/01/2026.
Mary Pickford in front of full-length mirror, Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Online Catalog, Alfred Cheney Johnston, https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2003666664/, Published 1920, Accessed 10/05/2021, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-72808.
Four Dancers Doing the Charleston, HistoryExtra, Unknown Photographer, https://www.historyextra.com/period/20th-century/roaring-twenties-myth-britain-british-history-1920s-interwar-why-important/, Published ca. 1920s, Accessed 22/12/2025.
Jubilee Celebrations on Parliament Hill, Unknown Photographer, Library and Archives Canada, Library and Archives Canada, https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/CollectionSearch/Pages/record.aspx?app=fonandcol&IdNumber=3549627&new=-8585781659176742753, Published 07/1927, Accessed 10/05/2021, LAC Acc. No. PA-027625.
Guy Lombardo, Henry Fox, Library and Archives Canada, Library and Archives Canada, https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/CollectionSearch/Pages/record.aspx?app=fonandcol&IdNumber=3570485&new=-8585781658866632250, Published 19/051964, Accessed 10/05/2021, LAC Acc. No. e005176089.
Eaton's Fall 1925 and Winter 1926 Catalogue, p. 26-27, Internet Archive, The T. Eaton Company Limited, https://archive.org/details/eatonscatalogue1925teat/page/n33/mode/2up, Published 1925, Accessed 08/01/2026, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, University of Toronto.
Ford Model T assembly line, The Ford Motor Company, Unknown Photographer, https://www.fromtheroad.ford.com/us/en/articles/2025/ford-model-t-universal-car, Published 1924, Accessed 10/05/2021.
Lawren S. Harris, Billboard (Jazz), 1921, oil on carvas, 107.2 x 127.5 cm. URL: https://www.gallery.ca/magazine/your-collection/at-the-ngc/bold-statements-in-colour-the-cityscapes-of-lawren-harris. National Gallery of Canada. Gift of Imperial Oil Limited, Calgary, 2016. © Family of Lawren S. Harris.
Happy Canadians who captured Vimy Ridge returning to rest billets on motor lorries. May, 1917, Unknown Photographer, Library and Archives Canada, Canada Department of National Defence, https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3521933&lang=eng&ecopy=a001353, Published 05/1917, Accessed 17/05/2017, LAC Item No. O-1403.
Return of the 10th Battalion, Calgary, Alberta, A. and D. Grant, University of Calgary, Glenbow Library and Archives Collection, Libraries and Cultural Resources Digital Collections, University of Calgary, https://digitalcollections.ucalgary.ca/asset-management/2R3BF1OJB8F6?WS=PackagePres, Published 23/04/1919, Accessed 18/12/2025, Glenbow Archives ID # CU1107347.
G. W. V. A. (Great War Veterans Association) parade at City Hall (back door). Mayor Gray under "Down with Bolshevism" sign. 4 June 1919, L.B. Foote, Manitoba Historical Society, Archives of Manitoba, http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/64/winnipeggeneralstrike4.jpg, Published 04/06/1919, Accessed 10/05/2021, Winnipeg General Strike photographs, #N12296.
Woman’s Franchise Movement, Unknown Photographer, Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage, Memorial University of Newfoundland, https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/politics/women-suffrage.php, Published ca. 1920s, Accessed 17/05/2017, Gertrude Crosbie fonds, Archives and Special Collections (Collection 158), Queen Elizabeth II Library, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL.
Prohibition police seize illegal barrels of liquor, circa 1930, FPG / Staff/Archive Photos/Getty Images
Eat More Vegetables (poster), Canada Food Board, Laurier Centre for Military, Strategic and Disarmament Studies, Government of Canada, http://canadianmilitaryhistory.ca/wednesday-podcast-surprising-health-findings-about-canadian-soldiers-during-wwi/, Published ca. 1914-1918, Accessed 17/05/2017.
CAN I AFFORD To Pay for Freedom (poster), Canadian Patriotic Fund, Canadian War Museum, Canadian War Museum, http://www.warmuseum.ca/collections/artifact/1026929/, Published ca. 1914-1919, Accessed 17/05/2017, CWM Artifact No. 19890086-884.
Unemployed men hop train, William James, William James family fonds, City of Toronto Archives, https://7078.sydneyplus.com/archive/final/Portal/Default.aspx?component=AABC&record=7690dd6c-ea47-47e7-8f79-2bfe447ffec2, Published ca. 1933, Accessed 12/15/2025, Fonds 1244, Item 2181.
R.B. Bennett, Alexandra Studio, bac-lac.gc.ca, Library and Archives Canada, https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3193159&lang=eng&ecopy=a052387, Published ca. 1930-1935, Accessed 12/15/2025, PA-052837.
(Relief Projects - No. 28). Group of unemployed arriving at RCAF Station Trenton, Dept. of National Defence, Government of Canada, bac-lac.gc.ca, Library and Archives Canada, https://recherche-collection-search.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/home/record?idnumber=3577875&app=fonandcol&resource=folderlist&ecopy=a035211, Published Nov. 1932, Accessed 10/05/2021, PA-035211.
Excerpt, Founding of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), Laura Neilson Bonikowsky, The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/founding-of-the-cbc-feature, Published 25/05/2013, Accessed 12/15/2025.
The Agenda with Steve Paikin - The Forgotten Fighters for Women's Rights in Canada, Copyright © 2026 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved.
Ukraine Commemorates The 90th Anniversary Of The Great Famine, Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images News/Getty Images
Excerpt, Holodomor Basic Facts, Holodomor Research and Education Consortium, Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, University of Alberta, https://holodomor.ca/, Published 2025, Accessed 12/15/2025.
Share the Story: Commemorating the 80th anniversary of the Holodomor, sharethestory.ca, Ukrainian Canadian Congress, http://sharethestory.ca/, Published 2014, Accessed 12/15/2025, used with permission.
Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler stand together on an reviewing stand during a official visit to occupied Yugoslavia, courtesy of Muzej Revolucije Narodnosti Jugoslavije, ushmm.org, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/photo/benito-mussolini-and-adolf-hitler, Published ca. 1941-1943, Accessed 12/15/2025, Source Record ID: B 874/17.
Excerpt, Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals, Giovanni Gentile, Published 1925, Accessed 12/15/2025.
Exerpt from Goebbels's published diary, on the anti-Jewish boycott on 1 April 1933 and the reaction in foreign countries, Joseph Goebbels, Harvard Law School Library Nuremberg Trials Project, https://nuremberg.law.harvard.edu/documents/1049-extracts-from-goebbelss-published?mode=text, Published ca. 1936, Accessed 12/15/2025, Source of text: Nazi conspiracy and aggression (Office of United States Chief of Counsel for Prosecution of Axis Criminality. Washington, D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946.).
Excerpt, Speech on Agrarian Policy, Joseph Stalin, History Deparment, Hanover College, https://history.hanover.edu/courses/excerpts/111stalin.html, Published 27/12/1929, Accessed 12/15/2025.
New sign, erected seven years after Howard Scott talked of a survey of North America and formation of energy units, which had widespread vogue in the early years of depression. Josephine County, Oregon, Dorothea Lange, Library of Congress, Library of Congress, https://loc.gov/pictures/resource/fsa.8b34275/, Published Aug. 1939, Accessed 12/15/2025, Farm Security Administration - Office of War Information Photograph Collection, LC-USF34- 020277-E [P&P].
La clef du nouveau Canada, Parti National Social Chrétien, https://opentextbc.ca/postconfederation2e/chapter/6-8-4th-parties/, Published ca. 1930, Accessed 12/15/2025.
Hour-A-Day Study Club members, McCurdy Collection, Archives of Ontario, http://www.windsor-communities.com/african-gallery-detail.php?id=86, Published 03/25/1957, Accessed 08/28/2026, Windsor Star.
Coloured Women’s Club of Montréal, Concordia University, https://www.historymuseum.ca/teachers-zone/black-women-changemakers-of-the-19th-and-20th-centuries/creating-a-positive-black-identity/coloured-womens-club-of-montreal/, Published 1902, Accessed 08/28/2026, Some Missing Pages: The Black Community in the History of Quebec and Canada, unit 6.
Ladies Auxiliary of the African United Baptist Association, Colchester Historeum Archives, https://novamuse.ca/Detail/objects/560194, Published Aug 1930, Accessed 08/28/2026, Ref #88.400.1.
Uncovering Toronto’s history, one walk at a time, Copyright © 2026 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved.
Blueshirts, Life Magazine, https://files.tvo.org/files/s3fs-public/styles/full_width_1280/public/media-library/life_1938-07-18_heckler_carried_out_0.jpg?itok=gqabbruI, Published 07/18/1938, Accessed 01/30/2026.
Adrien Arcand, leader of the National Christian Social Party, Unknown, Bilan du Century University of Sherbrooke, https://bilan.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/pages/photos/2623.html, Published 1933, Accessed 01/30/2026.
Photo from the July 5, 1938, issue of the Kingston Whig-Standard, The Kingston Whig Standard, Published 07/05/1938, Accessed 01/30/2026.
Blueshirts carry a heckler out of Massey Hall in this photo from the July 18, 1938, edition of Life magazine, Life Magazine, https://files.tvo.org/files/s3fs-public/styles/full_width_1280/public/media-library/life_1938-07-18_heckler_carried_out_0.jpg?itok=gqabbruI, Published 07/18/1938, Accessed 01/30/2026.
Gallery 3 Forged in Fire, Marie-Louise Deruaz, https://capitalcurrent.ca/lookahead-21-museum-links-pandemic-wartime-challenges-in-make-do-and-mend-workshop-series/, Published 08/30/2005, Accessed 12/15/2025, Canadian War Musesum.
Council of Four, 1919, Edward N. Jackson, U.S. Signal Corps, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Big_four-1919-cropped.jpg, Published 05/27/1919, Accessed 12/12/2025.
Polen.- Kolonne motorisierter deutscher Truppen, u.a. Krupp-Protze (Sd.Kfz. 69); im ersten Fahrzeug polnisches Hoheitszeichen / Grenzmarkierung; PK 689, Heinz Boesig, Max Ehlert, bild.bundesarchiv.de, Bundesarchiv, https://bild.bundesarchiv.de/device_barch/dev1/2019/10-16/1c/c4/file77k3gdoknw21ga0q2jd0.jpg, Published 01/09/1939, Accessed 12/12/2025, Bild 101I-121-0010-20.
Konzentrationslager Auschwitz.- Zu Haufen geschichtete Brillen; ca. Januar/Februar 1945, o.Ang, bild.bundesarchiv.de, Bundesarchiv, https://bild.bundesarchiv.de/device_barch/dev1/2019/10-16/cc/3c/file77k5h9nzp2g6f1v23fa.jpg, Published 1945, Accessed 12/15/2025, Bild 183-R69919.
Piles of prayer shawls that belonged to Jewish victims, found after the liberation of the Auschwitz camp. Poland, after January 1945, National Archives and Records Administration, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/photo/prayer-shawls-that-belonged-to-victims-at-auschwitz, Published 1945, Accessed 12/12/2025, via United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
German soldiers capture Jews hiding in a bunker during the Warsaw ghetto uprising, from "Es gibt keinen judischen Wohnbezirk in Warschau mehr!" [There Is No Jewish Ghetto in Warsaw Anymore!], SS-Brigadeführer Jürgen Stroop, National Archives and Records Administration, https://catalog.archives.gov/id/6003996, Published 16/05/1943, Accessed 12/12/2025.
Convoy in Bedford Basin, Department of National Defense, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3194308&lang=eng, Published 01/04/1942, Accessed 12/12/2025, #PA-112993.
History's Raiders: The Dieppe Raid 1942 (2001) Part Two, Youtube, Produced by Nugus/Martin Productions Ltd. for The History Channel, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3d7HMlKFNw&list=PL4547409695000836&index=3, Accessed 12/12/2025, © MMI Nugus/Martin Production Ltd.
Excerpt, History's Raiders: The Dieppe Raid 1942 (2001) Part Three, Youtube, Produced by Nugus/Martin Productions Ltd. for The History Channel, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pEmN8GC-0EE&list=PL4547409695000836&index=4, Published 2001, Accessed 12/12/2025, © Nugus/Martin Productions Ltd.
Dieppe One Year After, New York Times Archives, The New York Times Company, https://www.nytimes.com/1943/08/19/archives/dieppe-one-year-after.html, Published 08/19/1943, Accessed 12/12/2025.
Three Canadian soldiers with helmets stand in a trench in the Battle of Hong Kong, Unknown, Canadian War Museum, Imperial War Museum, www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/chrono/1931hong_kong_e.shtml, Published 1941, Accessed 12/12/2025, © IWM (LF193).
1st Canadian Division in action. Platoon Commander Lt. I. Macdonald with binoculars preparing to give attack order. L. to r.: Sgt. J.T. Looney, Ptes. A.R. Downie, O.E. Bernier, G.R. Young, Cpl. T. Fereday and Pte S.L. Hart of the 48th Highlanders, Frederick G. Whitcombe/Canada. Dept. of National Defence, Library and Archives Canada, https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3199446&lang=eng&ecopy=a136332-v8, Published 10/12/1943, Accessed 12/12/2025, #PA-136332.
View looking east along 'Nan White' Beach, showing personnel of the 9th Canadian Infantry Brigade landing from LCI(L) 299 of the 2nd Canadian (262nd RN) Flotilla on D-Day, Gilbert Alexander Milne/Canada. Dept. of National Defence, Library and Archives Canada, https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3204910&lang=eng&ecopy=a136984-v8, Published 06/06/1944, Accessed 12/12/2025, #PA-136176.
Dutch civilians on a WASP of 7th Reconnaissance Regiment (17th Duke of York's Royal Canadian Hussars), 3rd Canadian Infantry Division, celebrating the liberation of Zwolle, Netherlands, Donald I. Grant/Canada. Dept. of National Defence, Library and Archives Canada, https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3191645&lang=eng&ecopy=a136176, Published 13/04/1945, Accessed 12/12/2025, #PA-136176.
Savage Christmas: Hong Kong, 1941, Director: Brian McKenna, National Film Board of Canada, www.nfb.ca/film/savage_christmas_hong_kong_1941, Published 1991, Accessed 12/12/2025.
Canadian LST offloading a Sherman Tank on the beach during the Allied invasion of Sicily in 1943, J. Smith, Canada. Dept. of National Defence, Wikimedia Commons, Library and Archives Canada, https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3356628&lang=eng, Published 04/09/1943, Accessed 12/12/2025, #PA-183308.
Soldiers of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Brigade run into snipers and machine gun fire, Campochiaro, Italy, 23 October 1943, Lieut. Alexander Mackenzie Stirton/Cabada. Dept. National Defence, http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&rec_nbr=3228293&lang=eng&rec_nbr_list=3228293,3410683, Library and Archives Canada, https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3228293&lang=eng&ecopy=a129774-v6, Published 23/10/1943, Accessed 12/12/2025, #PA-129774.
Sgt Walter Lowe of the West Nova Scotia Regiment is shaved by an Italian youth, January 1944, Bill McConville, No 2 Army Film & Photographic Unit, Wikimedia Commons, Imperial War Museum, https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205204494, Published 01/1944, Accessed 12/12/2025, #NA 11253.
Matthew Halton, Witness to D-Day, CBC Radio News, CBC, CBC/Radio-Canada, www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/witness-to-d-day, Published 08/06/1944, Accessed 12/12/2025, © CBC Licensing.
Infantrymen of The West Nova Scotia Regiment in a Universal Carrier en route to Rotterdam are surrounded by Dutch civilians celebrating the liberation of the Netherlands, Lieut. G. Barry Gilroy/Canada. Dept. of National Defence, Library and Archives Canada, https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3203845&lang=eng&ecopy=a134390-v6, Published 09/05/1945, Accessed 12/12/2025, #PA-134390.
Sherman tank on a festive street with crowds, Canadian War Museum, www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/newspapers/operations/netherlands_e.shtml, Accessed 12/12/2025, © Canadian Museum of History.
Map: Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany, annefrank.org, Anne Frank House, https://www.annefrank.org/en/timeline/187/jewish-refugees-from-nazi-germany/, Accessed 12/12/2025, © Anne Frank Stichting/Anne Frank House.
Excerpt, Confronting Our Dark Past, Irving Abella, The Globe and Mail, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/confronting-our-dark-past/article562626/, Published 18/01/2011, Accessed 12/12/2025.
A close up from a group photo of 404 Squadron pilots showing World War II pilot Allan Bundy, 404 Squadron Archives, https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fr/article/allan-bundy, Published 1945, Accessed 08/31/2026, Air Force Museum of Alberta Archives.
The Five Carty brothers who served in the Royal Canadian Air Force, The Evening Times-Globe, New Brunswick Publishing Co. Ltd, https://scholars.wlu.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1645&context=cmh, Published 05/19/1945, Accessed 08/31/2026.
Female loggers ('lumberjills') walking on a narrow path to work, Richard Wright. National Film Board of Canada. Photothèque, Library and Archives Canada, https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3193655&lang=eng&ecopy=e000761564, Published 04/1943, Accessed 12/12/2025, #PA-116147.
Women workers clean a fast freight locomotive with rags in the roundhouse, Nicholas Morant/National Film Board of Canada. Photothèque, Library and Archives Canada, https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3194192&lang=eng&ecopy=c079525, Published 01/1943, Accessed 12/12/2025, #C-079524.
CWAC drivers on vehicle maintenance - Pte Lowry does a tightening up on the front spring clip of her vehicle, Lieut. J. Gloster/Canada. Dept. of National Defence, Library and Archives Canada, https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3259919&lang=eng, Published 07/07/1944, Accessed 12/12/2025, #PA-177084.
Dig in and dig out the scrap (poster), Canada. National Salvage Committee/Dept. of Public Information, Canadian War Museum, www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/newspapers/canadawar/p_salvage_e.shtml, Published 1940, Accessed 12/12/2025.
WREN W/T operators at CSR5 Marconi receivers at HMCS Coverdale, Canada. Dept. of National Defence, Library and Archives Canada, https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3576149&lang=eng, Accessed 12/12/2025, #PA-204141.
Vernon High School cadets, Unknown, Greater Vernon Museum and Archives, vernonmuseum.ca/ex_cadets.html, Published 1943-1944, Accessed 17/05/2017, Photo No. 17792.
Marion Orr, Manager of Aero Activities Ltd, Toronto Star, Library and Archives Canada website, https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3645220&lang=eng, Published 1955, Accessed 12/12/2025, #PA-125930.
Veronica Foster, an employee of John Inglis Co. Ltd. and known as "The Bren Gun Girl" posing with a finished Bren gun in the John Inglis Co. Ltd. Bren gun plant, National Film Board of Canada. Photothèque, Library and Archives Canada, https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3193621&lang=eng&ecopy=a119766, Published 10/05/1941, Accessed 17/05/2017, #PA-119766.
A Royal Canadian Mounted Police Officer stands in front of a sign marked "Canada" while to his left a State Trooper stands in front of a sign marked "United States" before the official ceremony commemorating the joining of the pipeline of an oil tanker terminal, Portland, Maine, with refineries in Montreal, Quebec, National Film Board of Canada. Photothèque, Library and Archives Canada, https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3195995&lang=eng&ecopy=e000760628, Published 01/08/1941, Accessed 12/12/2025, Item # 3195995.
Japanese Hop Workers, Unknown, Chilliwack Museum and Archives, http://www.chilliwackmuseum.ca/hops/BG_HopCycle.html, Accessed 12/12/2025, P Coll 109 File 11.
Notice to All Japanese Persons, British Columbia Security Commission, Postal History Corner, Government of British Columbia, postalhistorycorner.blogspot.ca/2012/12/japanese-canadian-relocation-wwii.html, Published 1942, Accessed 12/12/2025.
Japanese-Canadians being relocated to camps in the interior of British Columbia, Library and Archives Canada, https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3193868&lang=eng&ecopy=c057250, Published 1942, Accessed 12/12/2025, #C-057250.
Relocation of Japanese-Canadians to camps in the interior of British Columbia, Unknown, Library and Archives Canada, https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3193870&lang=eng&ecopy=c046355, Published 1942, Accessed 12/12/2025, #C-046355.
Internment camp for Japanese-Canadians [Lemon Creek, B.C.], Jack Long/National Film Board of Canada. Photothèque, Library and Archives Canada, https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3191570&lang=eng&ecopy=a142853, Published 1945, Accessed 12/12/2025, #PA-142853.
David Suzuki and his two sisters in an internment camp, Margaret C. Foster, Library and Archives Canada, https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3526055&lang=eng&ecopy=a187835-v6, Published 1942-1945, Accessed 12/12/2025, Acc. no. 1976-087 / e010933900.
R.C.N. officer questioning Japanese-Canadian fishermen while confiscating their boat, Canada. Dept. of National Defence, Library and Archives Canada, https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3193873&lang=eng&ecopy=a112539, Published 09/12/1941, Accessed 12/12/2025, #PA-112539.
1942 conscription referendum ballot, Chief Plebiscite Officer for Canada, Government of Canada, https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2016/mdn-dnd/D63-4-71-1942-eng.pdf, Published 1942, Accessed 12/12/2025.
Canadian Red Ensign flag, Wikimedia Commons, Necronaut, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Canadian_Red_Ensign_1921_to_1957_Northern_Ontario.png, Published 10/08/2008, Accessed 30/01/2026, Canadian Red Ensign flag © King's Printer for Canada.
State of the World [Cartoon], Wikispaces, Daniel Fitzpatrick, http://apus-b.wikispaces.com/post+war+foreign-political+cartoons, Published 16/06/1946, Accessed 12/05/2021, Originally published in the St. Louis Dispatch.
Igor Gouzenko on Television, Library and Archives Canada, Montreal Star, https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3239912&lang=eng&ecopy=a129625, Published 10-11/04/1954, Accessed 12/05/2021, PA-129625.
Soviet Spy Scandal, CBC Learning, Canada: A People's History, CBC, https://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP15CH1PA1LE.html, Accessed 28/01/2026.
Truman Signs North Atlantic Treaty Proclamation, Abbie Rowe, Harry S. Truman Library & Museum, National Park Service, https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/photograph-records/73-3194, Published 24/08/1949, Accessed 28/01/2026, Accession Number 73-3194.
Excerpts from "10 Quick Facts on... The Korean War", Veterans Affairs Canada, Government of Canada, King's Printer for Canada, https://www.veterans.gc.ca/en/remembrance/information-for/educators/quick-facts/korean-war, Published 14/02/2019, Accessed 28/01/2026.
2nd Regiment, Royal Canadian Horse Artillery Bombarding Enemy positions in Korea, P.E. Tomelin, Library and Archives Canada, National Archives of Canada, http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&rec_nbr=3396510&lang=eng&rec_nbr_list=3396510,3396509,3408764,3408763,3408765, Published 21/06/1951, Accessed 17/05/2017, PA-128280.
NORAD Crest, North American Aerospace Defense Command, US Government, https://www.norad.mil/Newsroom/Fact-Sheets/Article-View/Article/578771/norad-crest-and-heraldry/, Published ca. 1958, Accessed 23/12/2025.
Map of Air Control and Warning System, Wikimedia, US Government, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dew_line_1960.jpg, Published ca. 1960, Accessed 17/05/2017.
What Desden Can Teach Ontario About Black History. Copyright © The Agenda with Steve Paikin/The Ontario Educational Communications Authority (TVO). All rights reserved.
Journey to Justice, Roger McTair, National Film Board of Canada, National Film Board of Canada, https://www.nfb.ca/film/journey_to_justice/, Published 2000, Accessed 28/01/2026.
Bomarc Missile, The Canadian Encyclopedia, Canadian Aviation Museum, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/bomarc-missile-crisis, Published 04/03/2015, Accessed 17/05/2017.
"…And Now A Word From The Chopping Block" [Cartoon], Unknown Creator, Begbie Contest Society, The Canadian Legion, www.begbiecontestsociety.org/test2009.htm, Published June 1956, Accessed 17/05/2017, Originally published in The Legionary.
EDSAC I, June 1947, experimental memory tank, University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory, The Relics Project, Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/relics/archive_photos.html#EDSACI, Published n.d, Accessed 12/05/2021, Copyright © Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/uk/.
James S. Thomas and his family watch television in the living room of their home in Vienna, Virginia, Evert F. Baumgardner, NARA, US National Archives and Records Administration, https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2010/summer/youth.html, Published ca.1958, Accessed 12/05/2021, From the pamphlet Television-Promise and Problem. (306-PS-58-9015).
[Crowd outside the Canadian Government Immigration Office, 61 Queen Street, London, England.], Department of Citizenship and Immigration Canada and Library and Archives Canada, Rosemary Gilliat Eaton, https://recherche-collection-search.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/home/record?idnumber=3367685&app=fonandcol&resource=folderlist&ecopy=, Published ca. 1956, Accessed 19/11/2025, Canada, Dept. of Citizenship and Immigration / Library and Archives Canada / C-045121.
Citizens reading newspaper headlines concerning [Newfoundland's] confederation with Canada, NFB and Library and Archives Canada, Chris Lund, https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3194651&lang=eng&ecopy=e011195291-v8, Published Sept. 1949, Accessed 16/12/2025, PA-128007.
Canada welcomes Newfoundland into Confederation, Marionopolis College, Canada Post Corporation, http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/nfldhistory/Newfoundland%20History.htm, Published ca. 1949, Accessed 17/05/2017.
"Come into My Parlour!" [cartoon], Author unknown, Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage, The Independent, www.heritage.nf.ca/confederation/cartoon4.html, Published 31/05/1948, Accessed 28/01/2026, p.4.
"It Will be a Clean Sweep" [cartoon], Author unknown, Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage, The Confederate, http://www.heritage.nf.ca/confederation/cartoon6.html, Published 31/05/1948, Accessed 28/01/2026, p.3.
Mr. T.C. Douglas addressing N.D. Party convention, Duncan Cameron, Library and Archives Canada, Library and Archives Canada, https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3215033&lang=eng&ecopy=c036222, Published July 1961, Accessed 09/01/2026, C-036222.
Excerpt from "New Democratic Party (NDP)", Alan Whitehorn, The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/new-democratic-party/, Published 06/03/2013, Accessed 17/05/2017.
Excerpt from "Tommy Douglas and Eugenics", Tabitha de Bruin, The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/tommy-douglas-and-eugenics, Published 7/06/2019, Accessed 26/11/2025.
Richard Riot, Pictorial Parade/Archive Photos/Getty Images
"Looking back on the 'Richard Riot' 50 years later" segment from The National, CBC, CBC/Radio-Canada, https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/video/1.3595233, Published 7/03/2005, Accessed 17/05/2017, Hockey footage: NHL Photo: Hockey Hall of Fame.
Excerpt from "Quiet Revolution", Canada History, Canada History Society, https://canadahistory.ca/sections/eras/cold%20war/Quiet%20Revolution.html, Published n.d, Accessed 25/11/2025.
Excerpt from "Quiet Revolution", René Durocher, The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/quiet-revolution, Published 30/07/2013, Accessed 25/11/2025.
Jean Lesage, premier ministre du Québec, 1960-1966, Archives de Quebec, Gabriel Desmarais, https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/2854555?docref=FQmye-DMBaBafCnDT8Jj5Q, Published 1960, Accessed 13/01/2026.
Maintenant ou Jamais! Maitres Chez Nous, Unknown Author, Wikimedia, Parti Libéral du Québec, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maitres_chez_nous_1962.jpg, Published ca. 1962, Accessed 28/01/2026, This imagewas originally sourced from Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec.
Excerpt from "The October Crisis of 1970: Human Rights Abuses Under the War Measures Act", Dominique Clément, University of Toronto Press, University of Toronto Press, https://utppublishing.com/doi/10.3138/jcs.42.2.160, Published ca. 2008, Accessed 28/01/2026, From the Journal of Canadian Studies 2008 42:2, 160-186.
What is the FLQ? Excerpt from CBC's Saturday Report, CBC, CBC/Radio-Canada, https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/video/1.3252004, Published 10/10/1970, Accessed 28/01/2026.
Troops on Montreal streets in 1970, Bob Olsen, The Star, Toronto Star Newspapers Limited, https://www.thestar.com/opinion/letters_to_the_editors/2010/10/12/two_sides_on_october_crisis.html, Published Oct. 1960, Accessed 17/05/2017.
René Lévesque on provincial election night at the Paul Sauvé arena / René Lévesque au Centre Paul-Sauvé, à Montréal, dans la soirée au terme des élections tenues au Québec, 29 octobre 1973, Duncan Cameron, Library and Archives Canada, Library and Archives Canada, https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3370554&lang=eng&ecopy=a115039, Accessed 28/01/2026, PA-115039.
Senator James Gladstone, Unknown Author, Glenbow Library and Archives, University of Calgary, https://digitalcollections.ucalgary.ca/asset-management/2R3BF1OWER3B?&WS=SearchResults&Flat=FP, Accessed 28/01/2026, "Edit Asset: CU183153", 1958, (CU183153) by unknown. Courtesy of Glenbow Library and Archives Collection, Libraries and Cultural Resources Digital Collections, University of Calgary.
John Diefenbaker with Chief Brono, Chief Joe Sangris, and the Mayor of Yellowknife, North West Territories, MemorySask, National Film Board of Canada, https://memorysask.ca/john-diefenbaker-with-chief-brono-chief-joe-sangris-and-the-mayor-of-yellowknife-north-west-territories, Accessed 28/01/2026.
Place sign, Six Nations, Ontario [cropped], Wikimedia Commons, Terfili, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Place_sign,_Six_Nations,_Ontario.JPG, Accessed 28/01/2026.
James Bay project map, The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/james-bay-project/, Accessed 17/05/2017.
Interview with Chief Smally Patawabano, CBC, CBC/Radio-Canada, https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/audio/1.3626986, Published 08/03/1972, Accessed 17/05/2017.
Emile Turcot is pictured here hugging his mother, while surrounded by his sisters, on the day he returned to Canada after the war, October 28, 1945, Unknown Photographer, The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/primarysources/memory-project-2228, Published 28/10/1945, Accessed 28/01/2026.
Rt. Hon. Louis S. St. Laurent - Prime Minister of Canada (1948-1957), The Office of the Prime Minister, Library and Archives Canada, Library and Archives Canada, https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3210045&lang=eng&ecopy=c010461, Published ca. 1950, Accessed 17/05/2017, C-10461.
Mr. Louis S. St-Laurent acknowledging cheers at the National Liberal Convention, T.V. Little, Library and Archives Canada, Library and Archives Canada, http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&rec_nbr=3239908&lang=eng&rec_nbr_list=3239908, Published 07/08/1948, Accessed 17/05/2017, C-021524.
Chairman of the board [speech by Louis St-Laurent], CBC, CBC/Radio-Canada, https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/audio/1.3627055, Published 15/11/1956, Accessed 17/05/2017.
Hon. C.D. Howe visiting International Nickel Company, Unknown Photographer, Library and Archives Canada, Library and Archives Canada, https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3194411&lang=eng&, Published 16/02/1942, Accessed 17/05/2017, C-019382.
Leduc No. 1 oil well, Wikimedia Commons, H. Pollard, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leduc_oil.jpg, Published 22/02/1947, Accessed 17/05/2017, Image originally sourced from Glenbow Archives, University of Calgary (CU1155099). Image originally published in The Western Examiner.
Digging For Oil, John Chillingworth/Picture Post/Getty Images
Excerpt from the record "Leduc No. 1 Discovery Well", Heritage Resources Management Information System, Government of Alberta, https://hermis.alberta.ca/ARHP/Details.aspx?DeptID=1&ObjectID=4665-0116, Accessed 17/05/2017.
United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, Unknown Photographer, UN Photo, United Nations, https://media.un.org/photo/en/asset/oun7/oun7750674, Published 01/07/1994, Accessed 17/05/2017, UN7750674.
Bustling New GM Trim Plant, Unknown Photographer, Canada Science and Technology Museum, The Windsor Star, http://www.canadiancar.technomuses.ca/eng/frise_chronologique-timeline/1960/, Published 31/12/1965, Accessed 17/05/2017.
Gasoline lines / [WKL], Library of Congress, Warren K. Leffler, https://lccn.loc.gov/2003677600, Published 15/06/1979, Accessed 09/01/2026, LC-U9-37734-16A.
Canada’s Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and Alberta Premier Peter Lougheed at a news conference, Unknown Photographer, Alberta.ca, Provincial Archives of Alberta, https://www.history.alberta.ca/energyheritage/oil/energy-crises-political-debates-and-environmental-concerns-1970s-1980s/provincial-federal-confrontations/1970-to-1981/e-peter-lougheed.aspx#page-2, Published 11/01/1977, Accessed 17/05/2017, PAA #J3672.2.
New Economic Realities, CBC Learning, Canada: A People's History, CBC, https://www.cbc.ca/history/SECTIONSE1EP17CH3LE.html, Published ca. 2001, Accessed 17/05/2017.
Ford Strike, Union Support, Windsor, Ontario, 1945, Unknown Photographer, Walter P. Reuter Library, Wayne State University, Walter P. Reuther Library, Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs, http://reuther.wayne.edu/node/5752, Published ca. 1945, Accessed 17/05/2017.
The 1949 Asbestos Strike in Quebec was one of the most violent in Canada's labour history, Unknown Photographer, Library and Archives Canada, Montreal Star, http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&rec_nbr=3536235&lang=eng&rec_nbr_list=3536235, Published 05/05/1949, Accessed 17/05/2017.
The Asbestos Strike, James H Marsh, James H Marsh, www.jameshmarsh.com/2011/11/the-asbestos-strike/, Published 28/11/2011, Accessed 17/05/2017.
A family allowance office in Charlottetown, PEI in the mid-1940s, Canada: A Country by Consent, Unknown Photographer, http://www.canadahistoryproject.ca/1939-45/1939-45-02-rowell-sirois.html, Published ca. 1940, Accessed 17/05/2017.
Spadina Avenue north of St. Patrick Street, west side ca. 1914, City of Toronto Archives, https://www.toronto.ca/explore-enjoy/history-art-culture/online-exhibits/web-exhibits/web-exhibits-culture-people/caribbean-connection-one-mans-crusade/, Published 02, Accessed 04/10/2026, Fonds 1244, Item 2478.
Negro Citizenship Association reception tea, City of Toronto Archives, https://www.toronto.ca/explore-enjoy/history-art-culture/online-exhibits/web-exhibits/web-exhibits-culture-people/caribbean-connection-one-mans-crusade/, Published 1959, Accessed 04/10/2026, Fonds 431, File 3, Item 2.
The next favor. 'A flag to suit the minority' [Cartoon], Newton McConnell, Wikimedia, Archives of Ontario, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Canflagcartoon.jpg, Published 1910, Accessed 17/05/2017, Item reference code C 301.
Design proposal for the new Canadian Flag, featuring three maple leaves, Duncan Cameron, Library and Archives Canada, Library and Archives Canada, https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3237759&lang=eng&ecopy=e002282645, Published 1964, Accessed 17/05/2017, K-0000067.
Canadian Flag Design 2, Unknown Creator, University of Saskatchewan, Diefenbaker Canada Centre Archives, http://scaa.usask.ca/gallery/flagdisplay/design5.htm, Published Apr. 1963, Accessed 17/05/2017, Original: printed; Manitoba. Retrieved from the digital project "The Images of a Country" by the Saskatchewan Council for Archives and Archivists.
Canadian Flag Design 3, Unknown Creator, University of Saskatchewan, Diefenbaker Canada Centre Archives, http://scaa.usask.ca/gallery/flagdisplay/design2.htm, Published ca. 1964, Accessed 17/05/2017, Original: watercolour; no address. Retrieved from the digital project "The Images of a Country" by the Saskatchewan Council for Archives and Archivists.
Cartoon: Me playing at the beach w/Canadian flags, Duncan Macpherson, University of Saskatchewan, Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd, scaa.usask.ca/gallery/flagdisplay/poxhouse.htm, Published ca. 1964, Accessed 05/17/2017, Retrieved from the digital project "The Images of a Country" by the Saskatchewan Council for Archives and Archivists.
Le Pavillon du Canada, Encyclopedie du Patrimoine Culturel de L'Amerique Francaise, Expo 67, www.ameriquefrancaise.org/fr/article-548/Expo_67_de_Montr%C3%A9al,_un_%C3%A9v%C3%A8nement_marquant.html#.VDmFyRa26Jo, Published 1963, Accessed 05/17/2017.
CRTC logo, Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC), Wikipedia, King's Printer for Canada, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Radio-television_and_Telecommunications_Commission, Accessed 05/17/2017.
Oscar Peterson, Archive Photos / Stringer/Archive Photos/Getty Images
Portia White, Yousuf Karsh, Library and Archives Canada, https://recherche-collection-search.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/Home/Record?app=fonandcol&IdNumber=3511468&q_type_1=q&q_1=PA-192783&ecopy=a192783-v6, Published 01/15/1946, Accessed 03/16/2026, PA-192783.
Austin Clarke, Thomas Szlukovenyi/The Globe and Mail, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/books-and-media/thank-you-for-everything-austin/article30755318/, Published 10/04/1983, Accessed 03/16/2026.
Margaret Atwood Receives Peace Prize Of The German Book Trade, Thomas Lohnes/Getty Images Entertainment/Getty Images
Mordecai Richler, TVO, OECA, Published 08/07/2010, Accessed 28/01/2026, Still from a Studio 2 interview with Mordecai Richler.
The Wars (book cover), Timothy Findley, National Post, Clarke, Irwin & Company Limited/Nelson Education Ltd, http://nationalpost.com/entertainment/books/read-like-a-maple-leaf/wcm/80617f9f-be48-40f7-a97b-2d08356abd70, Accessed 28/01/2026.
Timothy Findley, Penguin Random House, Unknown Photographer, https://www.penguinrandomhouse.ca/authors/8677/timothy-findley, Accessed 28/01/2026.
Horse and Train, Alex Colville, Alex Colville: Official Site of Canadian Artist Alex Colville, A.C. Fine Art Inc, https://alexcolville.ca/gallery/alex_colville_1954_horse_and_train/, Published 1954, Accessed 05/17/2017, From the Collection of the Art Gallery of Hamilton.
Cut Watermelon, Trinity Galleries, Mary Pratt, http://www.trinitygalleries.ca/dynamic/artist.asp?ArtistID=15, Published 1997, Accessed 05/17/2017.
Dreaming of the Astral Plane, Norval Morrisseau, coghlanart.com website, The Estate of Norval Morrisseau, www.coghlanart.com/Norvalpainting.htm, Published 1995, Accessed 05/17/2017.
Card #89 Hull, Frank Lennon, Library and Archives Canada, Estate of Frank Lennon, https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=4169313&lang=eng&ecopy=e010933350-v8, Published Sept. 1972, Accessed 09/01/2026, e010933350.
Signing of the Proclamation of the Constitution Act, 1982, Robert Cooper, Library and Archives Canada, Government of Canada, https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3206003&lang=eng&ecopy=e002852801-v6, Published 17/04/1982, Accessed 05/17/2017, e008300499.
Pride flag, Eli Unger/iStock Editorial/Getty Images Plus/Getty Images
Parade: Queer Acts of Love & ResistanceParade: Queer Acts of Love & Resistance, TVO, National Film Board of Canada, https://www.tvo.org/video/documentaries/parade-queer-acts-of-love-resistance-0, Published 2025, Accessed 28/01/2026.
Photo of a woman in the street with a sign in her hands during a protest. On the sign, you can read "Working women have a right to paid maternity leave, Unknown Photographer, Government of Canada, Canadian Labour Congress, https://www.canada.ca/en/women-gender-equality/commemorations-celebrations/womens-history-month/women-history-canada-timeline.html, Published ca. 1971, Accessed 09/01/2026.
Greenpeace, CBC Learning, Canada: A People's History, CBC, https://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP16CH2PA2LE.html, Published ca. 2001, Accessed 05/17/2017.
Crew of the first Greenpeace ship in 1971, Greenpeace, Robert Keziere, https://www.greenpeace.org/international/about/founders/, Published 1971, Accessed 05/17/2017.
Excerpts from "People with disabilities significant historical events", Region of Waterloo, Region of Waterloo, www.regionofwaterloo.ca/en/regionalGovernment/resources/DOCS_ADMIN-1292073-v1-Historical_Timeline_for_People_with_Disabilities.pdf, Accessed 05/17/2017.
Quote from "Historic Timeline 1956-1968", Canada's World, Canada's World, http://www.canadasworld.ca:80/timeline/19561968, Accessed 05/17/2017, Project of the SFU Centre for Dialogue.
Vietnam war protest on University Avenue in front of the U.S. consulate. (Toronto), Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd, Dick Darrell, http://susanschuppli.com/category/pedagogy/, Accessed 05/17/2017, Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd. (TST-T12114).
Excerpt from "Immigration to Canada", Harold Troper, The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/immigration, Published 22/04/2013, Accessed 05/17/2017, Updated by Maude-Emmanuelle Lambert and Clayton Ma. Last edited December 19, 2024.
Transcript Excerpt from "Kim Thúy: A Newcomer's Odyssey." Copyright © The Agenda with Steve Paikin/The Ontario Educational Communications Authority (TVO). All rights reserved.
Excerpt from Ru, Kim Thúy, Libre Expression, Published 2009, Accessed 28/01/2026.
Six thousand Vietnamese refugees from Haiphong area loaded on board a French landing craft, Unknown Photographer, Library and Aarchives Canada, Library and Aarchives Canada, https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=4297839&lang=eng&ecopy=e010956422-v8, Published May 1955, Accessed 09/01/2026.
Solidarity Union, Keystone/Hulton Archive/Getty Images
Fall of the Berlin Wall, Unknown, Senate of Berlin, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thefalloftheberlinwall1989.JPG, Published 1989, Accessed 12/15/2025.
Nelson Mandela and Brian Mulroney greets crowds during his visit to Canada, John Major, Ottawa Citizen, https://smartcdn.gprod.postmedia.digital/nationalpost/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/mandela-mulroney.jpg, Published 18/06/1990, Accessed 19/01/2026.
Gen. Roméo Dallaire, Jean-Marc Bouju/AP, The Globe and Mail file photo (W: static.theglobeandmail.ca/1c8/incoming/article18893216.ece/ALTERNATES/w620/dallaire-rwanda.jpg), Associated Press, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/dallaire-testifies-mefloquine-drug-impaired-his-thought-process/article34235648/, Published 01/06/1994, Accessed 12/15/2025.
Rwandan children who had lost their parents rest at Ndosha camp in Goma, John Isaac, UN News Centre, UN Photo, https://media.un.org/photo/en/asset/oun7/oun7755775, Published 25/07/1994, Accessed 17/05/2017.
Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali places a flower wreath next to a shed in which lie the remains of Rwandan civilians massacred last year, C. Dufka, Flickr, United Nations, https://www.flickr.com/photos/un_photo/24442175523/in/album-72157694928781020/, Published 14/07/1995, Accessed 12/15/2025, Photo # 84155.
Canadian Airborne Regiment commandos Private Kyle Brown and Master Corporal Clayton Matchee, Tom Braid/QMI Agency, Sun Media Corporation, www.edmontonsun.com/2013/03/15/the-canadian-airborne-regiments-somali-affair-20-years-later, Published 12/15/1992, Accessed 12/15/2025.
Somalia Distinguished Service Medal CANADA (For the destruction of evidence and the tolerance of racism, torture and murder), Bob Krieger, The SFU Library Editorial Cartoons Collection (W: edocs.lib.sfu.ca/projects/Cartoons/index.htm), The Province, a division of Postmedia Network Inc, http://digital.lib.sfu.ca/islandora/object/edcartoons:5096, Published 05/10/1995, Accessed 12/15/2025, SFU Library Editorial Cartoons Collection, Identifier 3-1995-10-05.
Your questions answered about Canada's residential school system, CBC News, CBC, CBC/Radio-Canada, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canada-residential-schools-kamloops-faq-1.6051632, Published 04/06/2021, Accessed 20/01/2026.
Excerpt, Africville, Jon Tattrie, The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/africville/, Published 27/01/2014, Accessed 17/05/2017, Courtesy of The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada. LOGO here and live link here <www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca>.
Slums of Africville, Central Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Library and Archives Canada, Library and Archives Canada, https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3238304&lang=eng&ecopy=a170736-v6, Published ca. 1958, Accessed 19/01/2026, PA-170736.
Excerpt, Africville, Jon Tattrie, The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/africville/, Published 27/01/2014, Accessed 17/05/2017, Courtesy of The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada. LOGO here and live link here <www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca>.
Redress Rally March in Ottawa, Unknown creator, Japanese Canadian Cultural Centre Archives, http://www.discovernikkei.org/pt/journal/2013/6/10/jc-experience-2/, Published 1988, Accessed 12/15/2025.
Excerpt, September 11 Attacks, HISTORY.com Editors, history.com, A&E Television Networks, LLC, www.history.com/topics/9-11-attacks, Published 10/09/2025, Accessed 12/15/2025.
The World Trade Center south tower bursts into flames after being struck by the hijacked United Airlines Flight 175, Sean Adair, reuters.com, Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/news/picture/idUSRTXGZC1M/undefined, Published 11/09/2001, Accessed 12/15/2025.
Chaotic Afghan-Pak Border Highlights Security Threat In Afghan South, John Moore/Getty Images News/Getty Images
Map: Maritime jurisdiction and boundaries in the Arctic region, Lindsey Burrows, The American Interest website, © The American Interest LLC, www.the-american-interest.com/2013/12/12/canadas-arctic-moves/, Published 12/12/2013, Accessed 12/15/2025, Map data sources: International Boundaries Research Unit at Durham University U.S. Geological Survey, National Snow and Ice Data Center.
Cartoon: Canada's sovereignty over Arctic, raesidecartoon.com website, Adrian Raeside, https://raesidecartoon.com/vault/canadas-sovereignty-over-artic/, Published 2014, Accessed 12/15/2025, © Copyright 2014, Adrian Raeside. All rights reserved.
Preston Manning, Manning Centre for Building Democracy, http://web.archive.org/web/20120708233551/www.manningcentre.ca/board-of-directors/preston-manning-president-and-ceo/, Published 17/12/2015, Accessed 12/15/2025.
Lucien Bouchard, Droit-Inc, Lucien Bouchard, www.droit-inc.com/article14507-Lucien-Bouchard-agira-comme-mediateur, Published 26/01/2015, Accessed 12/15/2025.
Elizabeth May, rabble.ca, Elizabeth May, https://rabble.ca/environment/climate-negotiations-cop-20-will-go-down-to-wire/, Published 2014, Accessed 12/15/2025.
Excerpt, Parade: Queer Acts of Love & Resistance, Noam Gonick, NFB, https://www.tvo.org/video/documentaries/parade-queer-acts-of-love-resistance-0, Published 2025, Accessed 12/15/2025.
Women Get Less Infographic, TVO, OECA, https://content.ca-central-1.content-service.brightspace.com/vault/468d3e95-a2f3-413a-afa0-87ceda14ca78/s/5/content.ca-central-1.content-service.brightspace.com/88030417-8c68-467e-ac6b-ff7fafb6477a/scorm/460de66f-ea26-45b7-861b-8660d48f6580/ba7599c5-9acf-441b-bd9f-d79d86fbe35a/assets/img/chc2pd_17.2.4.jpgSource: LXD, Accessed 12/15/2025, Data source: Statistics Canada, Table 282-0070 Labour force survey estimates.
The New Canadian Family. The Agenda with Steve Paikin/TVO, with data from Statistics Canada ("Portrait of Families and Living Arrangements in Canada"; "Fifty Years of Families in Canada: 1961-2011").
Canadian families shrinking, married couples in decline: Census, Bill Curry, The Globe and Mail, The Globe and Mail Inc, www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/canadian-families-shrinking-married-couples-in-decline-census/article4553124/, Published 19/09/2012, Accessed 12/15/2025.
Canadian Immigration in 2011 (infographic), CanadaFAQ, http://www.canadafaq.ca/canadian-immigration-facts.php, Published 2015, Accessed 12/15/2025, Granted under Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/.
Canadians on Citizenship (infographic), icc-icc.ca, The Institute for Canadian Citizenship, www.icc-icc.ca/en/news/citizens.php, Published 2012, Accessed 12/15/2025, Survey was conducted in partnership with The Environics Institute, ICC, Maytree Foundation, CBC News, and RBC.
Behind the '90s Canadian music explosion, Jesse Kinos-Goodin, cbcmusic.ca, CBC/Radio-Canada, https://www.cbcmusic.ca/posts/11202/behind-the-90s-canadian-music-explosion, Published 25/02/2014, Accessed 12/15/2025.
Hollywood North: The Canadian film industry, Statistics Canada, https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-402-x/2006/3955/ceb3955_003-eng.htm, Published 28/06/2006, Accessed 12/15/2025, Reproduced and distributed on an "as is" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada.
Cirque du Soleil - Saltimbanco, Cirque du Soleil, http://cirquedusoleil.weebly.com/saltimbanco.html, Accessed 17/05/2017.
Canada's economic growth chart, TVO, OECA, https://content.ca-central-1.content-service.brightspace.com/vault/1502f382-7512-422f-ad02-abcae3407f15/s/5/content.ca-central-1.content-service.brightspace.com/88030417-8c68-467e-ac6b-ff7fafb6477a/scorm/e8d7d42d-03d7-4729-becf-eafd22da5d07/39af8218-cef8-4742-9c0b-c50ece61a575/assets/img/chc2pd_19.1.0a.png, Accessed 12/15/2025, Data source: OECD, 2003a, Table 1.1.
Graph: Collapse of Atlantic cod stocks off the East Coast of Newfoundland in 1992, TVO, OECA, Accessed 12/15/2025, Data source: UNEP/GRID-Arendal.
How the fishery collapsed (infographic), Alfred Elicierto, visualstoryteller.wordpress.com/, Toronto Star, https://visualstoryteller.wordpress.com/2012/05/21/overfishing-killed-newfoundlands-cod-fishery/, Published 1993, Accessed 12/15/2025, Sources: Canada’s provincial fisheries departments; Statistics Canada.
Occupy Toronto sign in St James Park, Anonymous00, Wikimedia Commons, own work, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Occupy_Toronto_sign.jpg, Published 09/11/2011, Accessed 12/15/2025, Used under Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication.
International Convention at Quebec of Delegates of the Legislatures of Canada: Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland, Jules I. Livernois, Library and Archives Canada, https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3623086&lang=eng&, Published 27/10/1864, Accessed 12/15/2025, C-006350.
Queen Elizabeth II signs the Proclamation of the Constitution Act, 1982, patriating Canada's Constitution, Robert Cooper, Library and Archives Canada, http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3206003&lang=eng, Published 17/04/1982, Accessed 12/15/2025, #e008300499.
Prime Minister Brian Mulroney reads a statement at Meech Lake, Charles Mitchell, CP Images, The Canadian Press, https://globalnews.ca/news/1225764/newly-released-cabinet-records-show-mulroney-castigated-trudeau-over-meech-lake/, Published 30/04/1987, Accessed 12/15/2025.
NDP MLA Elijah Harper salutes supporters from the steps of the Manitoba Legislature after refusing to let the debate on the Meech Lake Accord go any further, Wayne Glowacki, Winnipeg Free Press Archives, Winnipeg Free Press Archives, www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/Elijah-Harper-The-humble-man-who-said-no-207988151.html, Published 19/06/1990, Accessed 12/15/2025.
Phil Fontaine (left) and Elijah Harper discuss the Meech Lake accord in June 1990, Gerry Cairns, Winnipeg Free Press Archives, Winnipeg Free Press Archives, www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/He-was-the-embodiment-of-aboriginal-experiences-207989331.html, Published 19/06/1990, Accessed 12/15/2025.
1995 Quebec Referendum Ballot (OC), Gouvernement du Québec, https://imgur.com/1995-quebec-referendum-ballot-oc-n8uKYgR, Published 30/10/1995, Accessed 12/15/2025.
Map of Oka Crisis, Unknown, JeffParkinson.ca, Montreal Gazette, https://caledoniawakeupcall.wordpress.com/2010/01/22/is-oka-round-2-about-to-erupt/, Accessed 12/15/2025.
Patrick Cloutier and Brad Larocque during Oka crisis, Shaney Komulainen, The Canadian Press, The Canadian Press, https://www.thestar.com/news/insight/2015/08/22/a-warrior-a-soldier-and-a-photographer-remembering-the-oka-crisis.html, Published 01/09/1990, Accessed 12/15/2025.
Idle No More (poster), idlenomore.ca, Andy Everson, www.idlenomore.ca/artists?vm=r, Accessed 12/15/2025.
Idle No More founders: Sheelah McLean, Nina Wilson, Sylvia McAdam, Jessica Gordon, Idle No More website, Marcel Petit/m.pet productions, www.idlenomore.ca/living_history, Published 10/11/2012, Accessed 12/15/2025.
G20 Toronto protests, Lucas Oleniuk, Toronto Star, http://thestar.blogs.com/photoblog/2010/06/peaceful-beginings-violent-ending-as-g20-protests-grip-toronto.html, Published 26/06/2010, Accessed 12/15/2025.